The Co-operative Research Programme (CRP)'s Call for Applications for conference sponsorship and research fellowships for funding in 2019 is now CLOSED. The CRP supports work on sustainable use of natural resources in agriculture, forests, fisheries and food production.

A Broken Social Elevator? Key findings for Australia

These graphs offer a brief summary of the commodity trade situation in the country.

This country note for Australia provides detail on the proportion of CO2 emissions from energy use subject to different effective carbon rates (ECR), as well as on the level and components of average ECRs in each of the six economic sectors (road transport, off-road transport, industry, agriculture and fishing, residential & commercial, and electricity).

Resistance proportions for eight antibiotic-bacterium pairs in Australia have increased in recent years, from 7% in 2005 to 10% in 2015, and could go up to 12% by 2030, should current trends in antibiotic consumption, population and economic growth continue into the future. Resistance proportions in Australia were lower than the OECD average in 2015 (17%).

The Australian standard GST rate is 10.0%, which is below the OECD average. The average VAT/GST¹ standard rate in the OECD was 19.3% as of 1 January 2019. Australia has an extensive list of goods and services that are GST-free. GST was introduced in Australia in 2000 at a standard rate of 10.0% and has remained at this rate throughout.

Economic growth has been resilient, exports and investment will support the economy and wage growth and price inflation will gradually pick up

Australia has made some progress replacing coal with natural gas and renewables in electricity generation yet remains one of the most carbon-intensive OECD countries and one of the few where greenhouse gas emissions (excluding land use and forestry) have risen in the past decade. The country will fall short of its 2030 emissions target without a major effort to move to a low-carbon model, according to a new OECD report.

Skills-Getting Skills Right-Country Note-Australia

This country fact-sheet presents key figures from "Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class". This report analyses the trends of middle-income households in areas such as employment, consumption, wealth and debt, as well as perceptions and social attitudes. It also includes recommendations for protecting middle-class living standards and financial security in the face of economic challenges.

About 36% of Australian jobs face a significant or high risk of automation. While this is less than the OECD average (46%), it means that a sizeable share of adults will need to upskill or retrain to meet the needs of future jobs.

This document describes the key findings for Australia from the OECD Skills Strategy 2019.

The most attractive OECD countries for highly qualified potential immigrants are Australia, Sweden, Switzerland, New Zealand and Canada, in part because of favourable admission and stay conditions.

Australia's tax-to-GDP ratio was 27.8% in 2016* (latest available data), below the OECD average (34.2%) by 6.4 percentage points, and above the LAC and Africa (21)* averages (22.8% and 18.2%, respectively).

Australia has one of the highest rates of obesity: nearly one in three adults are obese. As a result, Australians live on average 2.7 years less due to overweight. The impact on the economy is large: overweight accounts for 8.6% of health expenditure; and lowers labour market outputs by the equivalent of 371 thousand full time workers per year. Combined, this means that overweight reduces Australia’s GDP by 3.1%.

This country note explains how Australia taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

Australia spends 9.3% of its GDP on health, slightly higher than the OECD average, and is projected to reach 13% by 2030. Australia also has more nurses (11.7 per 1000 people, compared to an OECD average of 8.8) and slightly more doctors (3.7 doctors versus an OECD average of 3.5) serving the population than in many OECD countries. These resources have contributed to good health outcomes.

Government at a Glance provides a dashboard of key indicators to help you analyse international comparisons of public sector performance.

Key findings for Australia from the report "Pensions at a Glance 2019"

The tax-to-GDP ratio in Australia increased by 0.9 percentage points from 27.6% in 2016 to 28.5% in 2017 (latest year available). The corresponding figures for the OECD average were a decrease of 0.2 percentage points from 34.4% to 34.2% over the same period.

This note presents selected findings based on the set of well-being indicators published in How's Life? 2020.

The tax wedge for the average single worker in Australia decreased by 1.0 percentage point from 28.9 in 2018 to 27.9 in 2019. The OECD average tax wedge in 2019 was 36.0 (2018, 36.1). In 2019 Australia had the 30th lowest tax wedge among the 36 OECD member countries, occupying the same position in 2018.

Ukraine scored 56.99 points out of 100 on the 2018 Global Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum. Competitiveness Index in Ukraine averaged 16.02 Points from 2007 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 57.03 Points in 2018 and a record low of 3.90 Points in 2011. The most recent 2018 edition of Global Competitiveness Report assesses 140 economies. The report is made up of 98 variables, from a combination of data from international organizations as well as from the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey. The variables are organized into twelve pillars with the most important including: institutions; infrastructure; ICT adoption; macroeconomic stability; health; skills; product market; labour market; financial system; market size; business dynamism; and innovation capability. The GCI varies between 1 and 100, higher average score means higher degree of competitiveness. With the 2018 edition, the World Economic Forum introduced a new methodology, aiming to integrate the notion of the 4th Industrial Revolution into the definition of competitiveness. It emphasizes the role of human capital, innovation, resilience and agility, as not only drivers but also defining features of economic success in the 4th Industrial Revolution. This page provides the latest reported value for - Ukraine Competitiveness Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Ukraine is the 85 most competitive nation in the world out of 140 countries ranked in the 2018 edition of the Global Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum. Competitiveness Rank in Ukraine averaged 79.69 from 2007 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 89 in 2011 and a record low of 69 in 2007. The most recent 2018 edition of Global Competitiveness Report assesses 140 economies. In 2018, the World Economic Forum introduced a new methodology emphasizing the role of human capital, innovation, resilience and agility, as not only drivers but also defining features of economic success in the 4th Industrial Revolution. As a result, the GCI scale changed to 1 to 100 from 1 to 7, with higher average score meaning higher degree of competitiveness. The report is made up of 98 variables organized into twelve pillars with the most important including: institutions; infrastructure; ICT adoption; macroeconomic stability; health; skills; product market; labour market; financial system; market size; business dynamism; and innovation capability. This page provides the latest reported value for - Ukraine Competitiveness Rank - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Gold Reserves in Ukraine remained unchanged at 24.57 Tonnes in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 24.57 Tonnes in the third quarter of 2019. Gold Reserves in Ukraine averaged 25.03 Tonnes from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 42.61 Tonnes in the first quarter of 2014 and a record low of 13.40 Tonnes in the first quarter of 2000. Gold Reserves are country’s gold assets held or controlled by the central bank. This page provides - Ukraine Gold Reserves - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Ukraine is ranked 64 among 190 economies in the ease of doing business, according to the latest World Bank annual ratings. The rank of Ukraine improved to 64 in 2019 from 71 in 2018. Ease of Doing Business in Ukraine averaged 108.33 from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 152 in 2011 and a record low of 64 in 2019. The Ease of doing business index ranks countries against each other based on how the regulatory environment is conducive to business operationstronger protections of property rights. Economies with a high rank (1 to 20) have simpler and more friendly regulations for businesses. This page includes a chart with historical data for Ease of Doing Business in Ukraine.

Ukraine recorded a Current Account deficit of 3.60 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2018. Current Account to GDP in Ukraine averaged -1.08 percent from 1992 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 10.60 percent in 2004 and a record low of -8.70 percent in 2013. The Current account balance as a percent of GDP provides an indication on the level of international competitiveness of a country. Usually, countries recording a strong current account surplus have an economy heavily dependent on exports revenues, with high savings ratings but weak domestic demand. On the other hand, countries recording a current account deficit have strong imports, a low saving rates and high personal consumption rates as a percentage of disposable incomes. This page provides - Ukraine Current Account to GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Terrorism Index in Ukraine decreased to 5.55 in 2018 from 6.05 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Ukraine averaged 3.06 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 7.20 in 2014 and a record low of 0.15 in 2007. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).

Housing Index in Ukraine increased to 7.90 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 6.40 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Housing Index in Ukraine averaged 5.58 percent from 2017 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 7.90 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 2.20 percent in the first quarter of 2017. In Ukraine, Housing Index is measured by the annual change in the House Prices Index of New Housing. This page provides - Ukraine Housing Index- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Ukraine is the 126 least corrupt nation out of 175 countries, according to the 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Rank in Ukraine averaged 117.45 from 1998 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 152 in 2011 and a record low of 69 in 1998. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory's rank indicates its position relative to the other countries and territories in the index. This page provides the latest reported value for - Ukraine Corruption Rank - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The Sales Tax Rate in Ukraine stands at 20 percent. In Ukraine, the sales tax rate is a tax charged to consumers based on the purchase price of certain goods and services. The benchmark we use for the sales tax rate refers to the highest rate. Revenues from the Sales Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Ukraine. This page provides - Ukraine Sales Tax Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Ukraine was worth 140 billion US dollars in 2019, according to official data from the World Bank and projections from Trading Economics. The GDP value of Ukraine represents 0.12 percent of the world economy. GDP in Ukraine averaged 91.15 USD Billion from 1987 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 183.31 USD Billion in 2013 and a record low of 31.26 USD Billion in 2000. The gross domestic product (GDP) measures of national income and output for a given country's economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time. This page provides the latest reported value for - Ukraine GDP - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Ukraine expanded 1.50 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 over the same quarter of the previous year. GDP Annual Growth Rate in Ukraine averaged 2.64 percent from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 14.30 percent in the third quarter of 2004 and a record low of -19.60 percent in the first quarter of 2009. On the production side, services are the biggest sector of Ukrainian economy and account for nearly 68 percent of total GDP, of which the most important are; domestic trade (14 percent) and accommodation and food service (13 percent). Industry accounts for 22 percent of GDP and is divided by manufacturing (11 percent); and agriculture (10 percent). This page provides - Ukraine GDP Annual Growth Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Unemployment Rate in Ukraine increased to 8.70 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 7.30 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Unemployment Rate in Ukraine averaged 8.55 percent from 2003 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 10.60 percent in the fourth quarter of 2014 and a record low of 6.30 percent in the third quarter of 2013. In Ukraine, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. This page provides the latest reported value for - Ukraine Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Employment Rate in Ukraine decreased to 67.60 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 69 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Employment Rate in Ukraine averaged 65.75 percent from 2005 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 69 percent in the third quarter of 2019 and a record low of 63.30 percent in the first quarter of 2017. In Ukraine, the employment rate measures the number of people who have a job as a percentage of the working age population. This page provides - Ukraine Employment Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

ICU Beds in Ukraine averaged 863.93 per 100K people from 1980 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 1065.73 per 100K people in December of 1991 and a record low of 613.31 per 100K people in December of 2014. This page includes a chart with historical data for Ukraine ICU Beds.

Cost of food in Ukraine increased 1.80 percent in March of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Food Inflation in Ukraine averaged 12.96 percent from 2007 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 53.70 percent in April of 2015 and a record low of -5 percent in June of 2012. This page provides the latest reported value for - Ukraine Food Inflation - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Ukraine decreased to 2031565 UAH Million in February from 2033281 UAH Million in January of 2020. Banks Balance Sheet in Ukraine averaged 1342014.65 UAH Million from 2007 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2033281 UAH Million in January of 2020 and a record low of 374153.94 UAH Million in February of 2007. This page provides - Ukraine Banks Balance Sheet - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Ukraine recorded a government budget surplus of 32732.72 UAH Million in March of 2020. Government Budget Value in Ukraine averaged -3534.40 UAH Million from 2002 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 78049.51 UAH Million in December of 2019 and a record low of -72030.46 UAH Million in December of 2014. The government budget balance is the difference between government revenues and expenses. The budget is balanced when outlays equal to receipts, the country reports budget surplus when revenues are higher than expenses and deficit when expenses exceed the revenues. This page provides - Ukraine Government Budget Value - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Standard & Poor's credit rating for Ukraine stands at B with stable outlook. Moody's credit rating for Ukraine was last set at Caa1 with positive outlook. Fitch's credit rating for Ukraine was last reported at B with stable outlook. In general, a credit rating is used by sovereign wealth funds, pension funds and other investors to gauge the credit worthiness of Ukraine thus having a big impact on the country's borrowing costs. This page includes the government debt credit rating for Ukraine as reported by major credit rating agencies.

Ukraine recorded 14710 Coronavirus Cases since the epidemic began, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, Ukraine reported 361 Coronavirus Deaths. This page includes a chart with historical data for Ukraine Coronavirus Cases.

Ukraine recorded 376 Coronavirus Deaths since the epidemic began, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, Ukraine reported 14710 Coronavirus Cases. This page includes a chart with historical data for Ukraine Coronavirus Deaths.

Ukraine recorded 2909 Coronavirus Recovered since the epidemic began, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, Ukraine reported 376 Coronavirus Deaths. This page includes a chart with historical data for Ukraine Coronavirus Recovered.

Korea tops a new OECD PISA survey that tests how 15-year olds use computers and the Internet to learn. The next best performers were New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Hong-Kong China and Iceland.

The 2011 edition of Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators enables countries to see themselves in the light of other countries’ performance.

The OECD’s latest edition of Health at a Glance shows that medical care is improving in OECD countries, but better prevention and management of chronic diseases is required to reduce costs.

This country note provides information on latest trends in income inequalities as well as key findings from the 2011 OECD report "Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising".

The Phase 3 Report on Japan by the OECD Working Group on Bribery evaluates and makes recommendations on Japan'simplementation and application of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and related instruments.

This note is taken from Chapter 2 of Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth 2012.

Without adequate investment in skills, people languish on the margins of society, technological progress does not translate into inclusive economic growth, and countries can no longer compete in an increasingly knowledge-based global society, said OECD Secretary-General.