Methods or preparing para-xylene from biomass by carrying out a Diels-Alder cycloaddition at controlled temperatures and activity ratios. Methods of preparing bio-terephthalic acid and bio-poly(ethylene terephthalate (bio-PET) are also disclosed, as well as products formed from bio-PET.

The present invention is directed to a combination reactor system for exothermic reactions comprising a trickle-bed reactor and a shell-and-tube reactor. This combination allows the system to efficiently remove heat while also providing the ability to control both the temperature and/or reaction progression. The trickle-bed reactor removes heat efficiently from the system by utilizing latent heat and does not require the use of a cooling or heating medium. The shell-and-tube reactor is used to further progress the reaction and provides a heat exchanger in order to introduce fluid at the desired temperature in the shell-and-tube reactor. Also, additional reactant or reactants and/or other fluids may be introduced to the shell-and-tube section of the reactor under controlled temperature conditions.

Disclosed are: a diaryliodonium salt mixture which is a precursor of a BF4 salt or the like of a diaryliodonium compound, can be produced in the form of crystals at ambient temperature, can be purified in a simple manner, can be produced with high efficiency, and can be induced into a BF4 salt or the like salt that has excellent solubility in a monomer or the like; and a process for producing the diaryliodonium salt mixture. Also disclosed is a production process which can achieve good yield and can produce reduced amounts of byproducts, and is therefore applicable to the industrial mass production of a diaryliodonium compound. The diaryliodonium salt mixture is characterized by containing at least two specific diaryliodonium salts.

A method of synthesizing an alkyl cyclopentadiene compound is disclosed. The method includes contacting at least one cyclopentadienyl anion source and at least one alkyl group source to form at least one alkyl cyclopentadiene compound. The method further includes extracting the alkyl cyclopentadiene compound with a hydrocarbon solvent. The alkyl cyclopentadiene compound may be converted to a metallocene catalyst compound.

The instant invention relates to a process and method for manufacturing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene by dehydrohalogenating a reactant stream of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane that is substantially free from impurities, particularly halogenated propanes, propenes, and propynes.

The present invention aims in a method wherein tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is reacted with HF in a gas phase in the presence of a catalyst to obtain pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), to reduce production of undesirable by-products and maintain a catalytic activity at a high level over a long period of time while achieving a high conversion ratio of PCE and suppressing deterioration of the catalyst. In a method for producing pentafluoroethane wherein tetrachloroethylene is reacted with HF in a gas phase in the presence of a catalyst to obtain pentafluoroethane, characterized in that chromium oxyfluoride is disposed in a reactor as the catalyst, and oxygen is fed into the reactor together with tetrachloroethylene and HF, at a amount of 0.4-1.8% by mole with respect to tetrachloroethylene.

The present invention provides a method for purifying HFO-1234yf, comprising the steps of (1) cooling a liquid mixture containing HFO-1234yf and HF to separate the mixture into a upper liquid phase having a high concentration of HF and a lower liquid phase having a high concentration of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; and (2) subjecting the lower liquid phase obtained in step (1) to a distillation operation to withdraw a mixture containing HFO-1234yf and HF from a top of a distillation column, thereby obtaining substantially HF-free HFO-1234yf from a bottom of the distillation column. According to the present invention, HF and HFO-1234yf contained in a mixture containing HF and HFO-1234yf can be separated under simple and economically advantageous conditions.

A fluorographene and preparation method thereof are provided. For the said fluorographene, the fraction of F is 0.5

This invention relates to fluoroalkyl and chlorofluoroalkyl benzenes with relatively high boiling points, having zero ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential. This invention also relates to the preparation of such fluoroalkyl and chlorofluoroalkyl benzenes. These materials can be used as reaction and heat transfer media, cleaning agents and as intermediates for biologically active materials.

Disclosed is a process for producing 1,2-dichloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, which is characterized by that 1-halogeno-3,3,3-trifluoropropene represented by the general formula [1]: (In the formula, X represents a fluorine atom, chlorine atom or bromine atom.) is reacted with chlorine in a gas phase in the presence of a catalyst. It is possible by this process to produce 1,2-dichloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene in an industrial scale with good yield by using 1-halogeno-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, which is available with a low price, as the raw material.

A production method of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene according to the present invention includes reaction of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane with hydrogen fluoride, characterized in that the concentrations of respective catalytic components in the 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane as the raw material is controlled to a predetermined level or less. By controlling the concentrations of the respective catalytic components in the 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane to the predetermined level or less, it is possible to improve the problems of shortening of catalyst life, retardation of reaction and scaling or corrosion of equipment in the production of the 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene. In addition, the 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane can be obtained selectively with high yield by telomerization reaction of carbon tetrachloride and vinyl chloride. The present invention is thus useful as the method for industrially advantageous, high-yield production of the 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene.

The invention also relates a process for the manufacture of trans 1-chloro3,3,3-trifluoropropene. The process comprises an isomerization step from cis 1233zd to trans 1233zd.

The invention also relates a process for the manufacture of trans 1-chloro3,3,3-trifluoropropene. The process comprises an isomerization step from cis 1233zd to trans 1233zd.

The present disclosure relates to processes for reducing the concentration of RfC≡CX impurities in fluoroolefins. The process involves: contacting a mixture comprising at least one fluoroolefin and at least one RfC≡CX impurity with at least one amine to reduce the concentration of the at least one RfC≡CX impurity in the mixture; wherein Rf is a perfluorinated alkyl group, and X is H, F, Cl, Br or I. The present disclosure also relates to processes for making at least one hydrotetrafluoropropene product selected from the group consisting of CF3CF═CH2, CF3CH═CHF, and mixtures thereof and reducing the concentration of CF3C═CH impurity generated during the process. The present disclosure also relates to processes for making at least one hydrochlorotrifluoropropene product selected from the group consisting of CF3CCl═CH2, CF3CH═CHCl, and mixtures thereof and reducing the concentration of CF3C≡CH impurity generated during the process.

Disclosed is a process for the synthesis of 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene (HCC-1230xa) using 1,1,3-trichloropropene (HCC-1240za) and/or 3,3,3-trichloropropene (HCC-1240zf) and Cl2 gas as the reactants, wherein the process takes place in a single reactor system. Before this invention, HCC-1230xa was made in a two-step process using HCC-1240za/HCC-1240zf and Cl2 gas, and the processing was conducted using two separate reactors.

The invention is to provide a new liquid crystal compound having a high clearing point, a good compatibility with other compounds, a small viscosity, and a high stability to heat, light and so forth; compound (1) is provided: R1CF2nR2 (1) wherein, for example, R1 is alkyl having 4 to 10 carbons or —(CH2)2—CH═CH2, R2 is alkyl having 2 to 10 carbons, n is 8, and R1 and R2 are not allowed to be straight-chain alkyl having an identical number of carbons.

The present invention relates to 1,4-diethynylbenzene derivatives having substituents in the 2,3-position (cf. formula I, Claims), to the use thereof for high-frequency components, to liquid-crystalline media comprising the compounds, and to high-frequency components, in particular antennae, especially for the gigahertz range, comprising these media. The liquid-crystalline media serve, for example, for the phase shifting of microwaves for tuneable ‘phased-array’ antennae.

The present disclosure relates to a process for separating a fluoroolefin from a mixture comprising hydrogen fluoride and fluoroolefin, comprising azeotropic distillation both with and without an entrainer. In particular are disclosed processes for separating any of HFC-1225ye, HFC-1234ze, HFC-1234yf or HFC-1243zf from HF.

The present invention provides processes for the production of HCFO-1233zd, 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, from the starting material, 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233xf). In a first process, HCFO-1233zd is produced by the isomerization of HCFO-1233xf. In a second process, HCFO-1233zd is produced in a two-step procedure which includes (i) dehydrochlorination of HCFO-1233xf into trifluoropropyne; and (ii) hydrochlorination of the trifluoropropyne into HCFO-1233zd.

The present invention is directed to processes for the production of 1233zd from 240fa and HF, with or without a catalyst, at a commercial scale. The 240fa and HF are fed to a reactor operating at high pressure. The resulting product stream comprising 1233zd, HCl, HF, and other byproducts is treated to one or more purification techniques including phase separation and one or more distillations to provide purified 1233zd, which meets commercial product specifications, i.e., having a GC purity of 99.5% or greater.

The disclosure describes a process for dehalogenation of chlorofluorocompounds. The process comprises contacting a saturated chlorofluorocompound with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst at a temperature sufficient to remove chlorine and/or fluorine substituents to produce a fluorine containing terminal olefin.

The invention is directed to a catalyst for the gas phase fluorination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane and/or 1,2-dichloroethene with HF to give 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane which catalyst is prepared by co-depositing FeCl3 and MgCl2 on chromia-alumina, or co-depositing Cr(NO3)3 and Ni(NO3)2 on active carbon, or by doping alumina with ZnCl2, and to a process for the preparation of 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane comprising a catalytic gas phase fluorination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane and/or 1,2-dichloroethene wherein one of the catalysts according to claim 2 or 3 is used.

The present invention relates to a process for separating chlorinated methanes utilizing a dividing wall column. Processes and manufacturing assemblies for generating chlorinated methanes are also provided, as are processes for producing products utilizing the chlorinated methanes produced and/or separated utilizing the present process(es) and/or assemblies.

A dehydrochlorination process is disclosed. The process involves contacting RfCFClCH2X with a catalyst in a reaction zone to produce a product mixture comprising RfCF═CHX, wherein said catalyst comprises MY supported on carbon, and wherein Rf is a perfluorinated alkyl group, X ═H, F, Cl, Br or I, M=K, Na or Cs, and Y═F, Cl or Br.

The invention relates to a process for removing one or more undesired (hydro)halocarbon compounds from a (hydro)fluoroalkene, the process comprising contacting a composition comprising the (hydro)fluoroalkene and one or more undesired (hydro)halocarbon compounds with an aluminum-containing absorbent, activated carbon, or a mixture thereof.

A method for preparing 13C labeled iodotridecane represented by Formula A: The method comprises the conversion of 13C labeled propargyl alcohol to 13C labeled iodotridecane via alkylation of propargyl alcohol with iododecane.

The invention relates to a process for the preparation of formula (I) which process comprises pyrolyzing a compound of formula (II) wherein X is chloro or bromo, and to compounds which may be used as intermediates for the manufacture of the compound of formula I and to the preparation of said intermediates.

Disclosed is a reactor and agitator useful in a high pressure process for making 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (1233zd) from the reaction of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane (240fa) and HF, wherein the agitator includes one or more of the following design improvements: (a) double mechanical seals with an inert barrier fluid or a single seal;(b) ceramics on the rotating faces of the seal;(c) ceramics on the static faces of seal;(d) wetted o-rings constructed of spring-energized Teflon and PTFE wedge or dynamic o-ring designs; and(e) wetted metal surfaces of the agitator constructed of a corrosion resistant alloy.

The subject of the invention is a process for the preparation of fluoroolefin compounds. It relates more particularly to a process for manufacturing a (hydro)fluoroolefin compound comprising (i) bringing at least one compound comprising from three to six carbon atoms, at least two fluorine atoms and at least one hydrogen atom, provided that at least one hydrogen atom and one fluorine atom are located on adjacent carbon atoms, into contact with potassium hydroxide in a stirred reactor, containing an aqueous reaction medium, equipped with at least one inlet for the reactants and with at least one outlet, in order to give the (hydro)fluoroolefin compound, which is separated from the reaction medium in gaseous form, and potassium fluoride, (ii) bringing the potassium fluoride formed in (i) into contact, in an aqueous medium, with calcium hydroxide in order to give potassium hydroxide and to precipitate calcium fluoride, (iii) separation of the calcium fluoride precipitated in step (ii) from the reaction medium and (iv) optionally, the reaction medium is recycled after optional adjustment of the potassium hydroxide concentration to step (i).

The present invention provides a method for separating halocarbons. In particular, the invention provides a method for separating halogenated olefin impurities from 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244bb) using a solid adsorbent, particularly activated carbon. More particularly the invention pertains to a method for separating 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-propene (HCFO-1233xf) from HCFC-244bb, which are useful as intermediates in the production of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf).

To provide a method for efficiently separating 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) and chloromethane (R40) from a composition comprising HFO-1234yf and R40. An azeotrope-like composition comprising from 58 to 78 mol % of HFO-1234yf and from 22 to 42 mol % of R40, and a method for producing HFO-1234yf, which comprises steps of distilling an initial mixture containing HFO-1234yf in a content exceeding 63 mol % in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40, thereby to separate the initial mixture into a first fraction in which the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 is lower than the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 in the initial mixture, and a second fraction in which the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 is higher than the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 in the initial mixture, and then obtaining HFO-1234yf having a reduced R40 concentration, from the second fraction.

Provided is a process for making 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane. The process has the step of hydrofluorinating 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of SbCl3, SbCl5, SbF5, TiCl4, SnCl4, Cr2O3, and fluorinated Cr2O3.

Methods for fluorinating organic compounds are described herein.

Fluorinated aromatic materials, their synthesis and their use in optoelectronics. In some cases, the fluorinated aromatic materials are perfluoroalkylated aromatic materials that may include perfluoropolyether substituents.

Particular compounds having a fluorene skeleton are superior in broad utility and stability, as a protecting reagent for liquid phase synthesis of amino acids and/or peptides.

The present invention provides routes for making 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd) from commercially available raw materials. More specifically, this invention provides routes for HCFO-1233zd from inexpensive and commercially available trifluoromethane (HFC-23).

The present invention provides routes for making 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd) from commercially available raw materials. More specifically, this invention provides several routes for forming HCFO-1233zd from 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (FC-1234zf).

A method for producing fluorinated organic compounds, including hydrofluoropropenes, which preferably comprises converting at least one compound of formula (I): CF3(—CX2X2)nCX1═H2 (I) to at least one compound of formula (II): CF3(CX2X2)nCX1═H2 (II), where X1 is Cl, Br or I, each X2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, Cl, F, Br or J, and n is 0, 1, or 2.

Disclosed is a process for producing 2-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1224), including a first step of separating 2,3-dichloro-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropane (234da) into erythro form and threo form, and a second step of bringing the separated erythro form or threo form in contact with a base to obtain 2-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1224). The first step is a step of separating 234da by distillation to achieve a separation into a fraction containing mainly erythro form and a fraction containing mainly threo form. In the second step, 1224 cis form is obtained from the erythro form, and 1224 trans form is obtained from the threo form. By this process, it is possible to selectively and efficiently produce cis form or trans form of 2-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1224).

A process for making a fluorinated olefin having the step of dehydrochlorinating a hydrochlorofluorocarbon having at least one hydrogen atom and at least one chlorine atom on adjacent carbon atoms, preferably carried out in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of (i) one or more metal halides, (ii) one or more halogenated metal oxides, (iii) one or more zero-valent metals/metal alloys, (iv) a combination of two or more of the foregoing.

This invention provides a process for producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, the process comprising: (1) a first reaction step of reacting hydrogen fluoride with at least one chlorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of a chloropropane represented by Formula (1): CClX2CHClCH2Cl, wherein each X is the same or different and is CI or F, a chloropropene represented by Formula (2): CClY2CCl═CH2, wherein each Y is the same or different and is CI or F, and a chloropropene represented by Formula (3): CZ2═CClCH2Cl, wherein each Z is the same or different and is CI or F in a gas phase in the absence of a catalyst while heating; and (2) a second reaction step of reacting hydrogen fluoride with a reaction product obtained in the first reaction step in a gas phase in the presence of a fluorination catalyst while heating. According to the process of this invention, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) can be obtained with high selectivity, and catalyst deterioration can be suppressed.

A solvent that reversibly converts from a hydrophobic liquid form to hydrophilic liquid form upon contact with water and a selected trigger, e.g., contact with CO2, is described. The hydrophilic liquid form is readily converted back to the hydrophobic liquid form and water. The hydrophobic liquid is an amidine or amine. The hydrophilic liquid form comprises an amidinium salt or an ammonium salt.

Process for producing silica-comprising dispersions comprising a polyetherol or a polyether amine, which comprises the steps of (i) admixing an aqueous silica sol (K) having an average particle diameter of from 1 to 150 nm and a silica content, calculated as SiO2, of from 1 to 60% by weight and a pH of from 1 to 6 with at least one polyetherol (b1) and/or polyether amine (b2) based on ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and having an average OH or amine functionality of from 2 to 6 and a number average molecular weight of from 62 to 6000 g/mol,(ii) distilling off at least part of the water,(iii) admixing the dispersion with at least one compound (S) having at least one at least monoalkoxylated silyl group and at least one alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl substituent, where this substituent may have groups which are reactive toward an alcohol, an amine or an isocyanate in an amount of from 0.1 to 20 μmol of (S) per m2 of surface area of (K), where steps (i) and (iii) can be carried out simultaneously or in succession in any order, (iv) optionally adjusting the pH of the silica-comprising dispersions obtained to a value of from 7 to 12 by adding a basic compound, where step (iv) can also be carried out between steps (ii) and (iii).

Disclosed and claimed herein are hybrid silica aerogels containing non-polymeric, functional organic materials covalently bonded at one or both ends to the silica network of the aerogels through a C—Si bond between a carbon atom of the organic material and a silicon atom of the aerogel network. Methods of their preparation are also disclosed.

A composition and method demulsify a produced emulsion from anionic surfactants and polymer (SP) and alkali, surfactants, and polymer (ASP). The produced emulsion is demulsified into oil and water. In one embodiment, the composition includes a surfactant. The surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, or any combinations thereof.

Methods of increasing the solubility of a base in supercritical carbon dioxide include forming a complex of a Lewis acid and the base, and dissolving the complex in supercritical carbon dioxide. The Lewis acid is soluble in supercritical carbon dioxide, and the base is substantially insoluble in supercritical carbon dioxide. Methods for increasing the solubility of water in supercritical carbon dioxide include dissolving an acid or a base in supercritical carbon dioxide to form a solution and dissolving water in the solution. The acid or the base is formulated to interact with water to solubilize the water in the supercritical carbon dioxide. Some compositions include supercritical carbon dioxide, a hydrolysable metallic compound, and at least one of an acid and a base. Some compositions include an alkoxide and at least one of an acid and a base.

An aerosol glitter composition for achieving the “sugar” glitter effect comprises a solvent, binder, square polyester glitter, optionally a rheology modifier, and propellant.

The invention relates to the use of polymers, containing between 1 and 100 mol % of structural units of the formula (1), wherein R1 means hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, A means C2-C4 alkylene groups, and B means C2-C4 alkylene groups, with the stipulation that A is different from B, and x and y mean an integer from 1 to 100 independent of each other, in amounts of 0.01 to 2 wt % relative to the water phase, as gas hydrate inhibitors.

The invention provides for the use of copolymers comprising 1 to 99 mol % of structural units of the formula (1) in which R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6-alkyl, A is C2-C4-alkylene groups and B is C2-C4-alkylene groups, with the proviso that A is different than B, and x, y are each independently an integer of 1-100, and 1 to 99 mol % of structural units of the formula (3) in which R6 is hydrogen or C1-C6-alkyl, D is C2-C4-alkylene groups and z is an integer of 1-50, in amounts of 0.01 to 2% by weight, based on the water phase, as gas hydrate inhibitors.

The present invention relates to a novel method for preparing a new type of catalyst for the oxidation of CO in a reactant gas or air. The method provides the preparation of a catalyst having nano-sized metal particles and a capping agent deposited on a solid support. The size and distribution of the metal particles can be easily controlled by adjusting reaction condition and the capping agent used. The catalyst prepared has high activity at low temperature toward selective oxidation of CO and is stable over an extended period of time. The catalyst can be used in air filter devices, hydrogen purification processes, automotive emission control devices (decomposition of NOx, x is the integer 1 or 2), F-T synthesis, preparation of fuel-cell electrode, photocatalysis and sensors.