business and finance

Multiple Methane-Generating Microbes are Discovered

Archaea are a major branch of life, but we still have a lot to learn about these microbes, which were only discovered in the 1970s.




business and finance

Free-Living Eukaryotes Without Mitochondria are Identified

Prokaryotes are ancient, simple forms of life that include bacteria and archaea, and lack membrane-bound organelles.




business and finance

Scientists Reveal a Large & Ignored Source of Methane

While many parts of the world are feeling the effects of climate change, air temperatures in the Arctic are warming faster than anywhere else on the planet




business and finance

Some SARS-CoV-2 Mutations Help the Virus Invade the Brain

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the virus that causes the illness - SARS-CoV-2 - has had a practically infinite number of opportunities to mutate




business and finance

A Death in New Hampshire is Blamed on Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Mosquitoes are the deadliest animals in the world because of the diseases they carry, indulging malaria and dengue. Mosquito-borne diseases are becoming ...




business and finance

Viral Protein Shapes Linked to Immune-evading Functions

Viruses are invading pathogens that infect host cells and rapidly replicate throughout the body. They carry a small piece of genetic material such as DNA o




business and finance

An Evolutionary Journey From Ancient Asgardians to Human Immunity

Microbes have been engaged in an arms race with one another that goes back for millennia. While we have been able to reveal microbial defense systems ..




business and finance

A Microbial Pathogen Can Target an Electrical Signal in the Gut

Our skin is a crucial, protective barrier that is considered to be a major part of our immune defenses. When pathogens try to infect us, they have to get ...




business and finance

Studies Find Evidence for Inherited Bacterial 'Memories'

Two new research studies have demonstrated that bacteria are able to retain and pass down 'memories' of temporary, short changes ...




business and finance

A Faster, Better Way to Diagnose Lyme Disease

Although spending time in nature can reduce stress and generally improve health and well-being, insects like mosquitoes and ticks also pose a risk.




business and finance

A Rare Form of Cell Division in Human Mouth Microbes

Corynebacterium matruchotii ia a common bacterium that lives in human dental plaque; a colony is seen in this image by Scott Chimileski of MBL




business and finance

Specialized Cells Protect Against Infection by Reducing Inflammation

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that occurs in the lung, caused by bacteria. It is spread through the air and is preventable and even curable. H




business and finance

An Antibody That Neutralizes All Known COVID Variants is Discovered

SARS-CoV-2, the pandemic virus that causes COVID-19, has mutated endlessly since it burst on the scene in late 2019. An new antibody could help stop it




business and finance

Scientists Explore the Microbiomes of Foods

Microorganisms are everywhere, even inside of our guts. The microbes we interact with can sometimes have a huge influence on our bodies...




business and finance

Marine Microbe Survey Reveals Potential Problem-Solvers

Researchers went 'bioprospecting' in marine microbes, looking for those that can perform helpful functions like eating plastic or generating antibiotics.




business and finance

Genotyping and Health Monitoring in Aquaculture

Boost aquaculture efficiency with advanced tools for precise genetic differentiation, pathogen detection, and real-time health monitoring. Enhance fish hea




business and finance

Fighting Back Against Fungal Pathogens

Two new research studies are addressing the rising threat of fungal infections, which can be very difficult to treat. One study has examined ...




business and finance

The "Incomprehensible" Cell - A Parasitic Prokaryote is Discovered

All complex life on Earth, including plants and animals, are made up of eukaryotic cells, which are more sophisticated than bacterial or archaeal cells..




business and finance

Microplates in Action: Recommendations for use

The optimal use of a microplate can significantly accelerate research and discovery. Making good use of recommendations learnt from different research sett




business and finance

New Study Reveals Novel Approach to Prevent Mold Growth on Space Stations

Living and working in outer space is incredibly difficult, especially given it’s a closed environment, which invites fungi like mold to inhabit the s




business and finance

Lab-Generated Antibodies Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance

Our immune systems generate antibodies that neutralize and help eliminate foreign pathogens. These antibodies or proteins are generated by specific immune




business and finance

Avian Flu Could Spread Further, but Immunity May be Common

For the past several years, millions of birds around the world have been killed or culled because of a highly pathogenic form of avian influenza - H5N1




business and finance

DEFINITIVE GUIDE: FAST ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTINGAn overview of today's fast AST technologies. This guide is specially designed for lab professionals and healthcare providers. It of

An overview of today’s fast AST technologies. This guide is specially designed for lab professionals and healthcare providers. It offers insight into




business and finance

Healthy Bacterial Strains That Can Fight Gut Infections are ID'ed

Scientists are starting to learn about what composes a healthy microbiome, such as the bacterial species and the molecules they generate...




business and finance

Germany Seeks to Mandate Human Rights Due Diligence for Companies and Their Global Partners

In February 2019, the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (“Development Ministry”) introduced a draft law (the “Draft Law”) that seeks to mandate human rights due diligence for German companies and their global business partners, including suppliers.




business and finance

The Gender Issue: Equal Pay, Gender Identity Awareness and Diversity & Inclusion Program Compliance




business and finance

2019 Southern California Employer Conference




business and finance

Shock and Awe! California Employers Face Onslaught of New Regulations

With the usual flurry of activity at the end of the legislative session, California has enacted a slew of bills with labor and employment ramifications.1 Closing out his first year in office, Governor Gavin Newsom signed more than 40 such bills on a wide variety of topics, ranging from antidiscrimination and workplace safety measures to the much-debated worker classification bill (AB 5) codifying the ABC test from last year’s Dynamex case.




business and finance

Littler Lightbulb: Highlighting Global Human Rights Topics

Human rights issues increasingly require the assistance of experienced counsel who can help employers navigate very fluid and complex legal, business and societal considerations.




business and finance

United Nations Takes Another Step in Developing a Treaty on Business and Human Rights

Since it was established in 2014, a United Nations Inter-Governmental Working Group (“IGWG”) has met annually to develop a multilateral treaty to attempt to hold businesses legally accountable for harms that may be related to their global operations (the “Proposed Treaty”).  Littler Mendelson attorneys have provided testimony at all of these sessions.1 The IGWG held its most recent session from October 14-18, 2019, during which certain member States of the United Nations (“States”) and other stakeholders discussed a “Revised Draft” of the Proposed Treaty.2 This Revise




business and finance

Walnut Creek Breakfast Briefing




business and finance

Communications in the Workplace and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)




business and finance

San Jose Breakfast Briefing Series - January Session




business and finance

San Jose Breakfast Briefing Series - February Session




business and finance

2020 Virtual California Employer




business and finance

Sticky Situations: Handling Sensitive Employment Challenges in a Pandemic




business and finance

Proposed AI Policy in EU Could Change Hiring Landscape

Mickey Chichester and Jan-Ove Becker write about the EU’s proposal to regulate the use of AI in employment decisions, including selecting, terminating and evaluating employees.

World at Work

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business and finance

US biz concerned over crackdown on Xinjiang supply chain, fears backfiring

Stefan Marculewicz weighs in on the possibility of the US government implementing supply chain restrictions amid claims of forced labor in Xinjiang, despite the opposition of the business world. 

Global Times

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business and finance

Canada's Federal Pay Equity Act Takes Effect on August 31, 2021

Rhonda Levy and Barry Kuretzky examine Canada’s federal Pay Equity Act and offer tips to employers for establishing a pay equity plan.

Human Resources Director Canada

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business and finance

More Employer Vaccine Mandates Are Coming After Pfizer's Full Approval

Barry Hartstein discusses the findings of Littler’s Delta Variant Update report and what they reveal about employers’ current thinking surrounding vaccine mandates.

Corporate Counsel

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business and finance

Court finds exclusive arbitral jurisdiction in Manitoba human rights disputes

Rhonda Levy and Douglas Sanderson discuss a recent court decision in Canada that sheds light on how best to deal with accommodation requests.

Human Resources Director Canada

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business and finance

The Fashion Industry Meets Human Rights Due Diligence: New York’s Proposed “Fashion Sustainability and Social Accountability Act”

In January 2022, the New York State Senate introduced a bill that seeks to impose significant human rights and environmental due diligence and disclosure obligations on fashion retail sellers and manufacturers operating in the state of New York.  As we reported previously, 2021 saw a number of international and regional legislative efforts to impose human rights due diligence and disclosure obligations on multinational employers.




business and finance

Do mandatory vaccination policies infringe on Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

Rhonda B. Levy and George Vassos write about a case in which a Canadian judge finally ruled on whether or not COVID laws are in breach of human rights.

Human Resources Director Canada

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business and finance

Legal decisions on mandatory coronavirus vaccination policies favouring employers

George Vassos says arbitrators have largely favored employers’ vaccination policies, but employers don’t have carte blanche. 

Benefits Canada

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business and finance

An application for refugee status may prevent you from starting work

Karolina Schiffter discusses whether Ukrainian citizens who claim refugee status can work in Poland.

Gazeta Prawna

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business and finance

Recent Human Rights Due Diligence Law Developments in the European Union, Switzerland, and Japan

National and supranational legislatures continue to develop laws requiring employers to conduct due diligence of their operations and those of their business partners in order to address human rights risks such as forced labor and child labor.  Recently, the European Union (EU), Switzerland, and Japan have rolled out such laws, described below:

EU’s Corporate Due Diligence and Corporate Accountability Directive




business and finance

Canada’s Proposed Modern Slavery Act Would Impose Significant Annual Reporting Obligations on Certain Private-Sector Entities

  • Bill S-211 would enact the Modern Slavery Act, which would require covered employers to report annually on efforts to combat forced and child labour.
  • If the Modern Slavery Act receives Royal Assent in 2022, it will take effect January 1, 2023, and employer reporting requirements will commence May 31, 2023.
  • Non-Canadian entities that do business in Canada and meet the size and activity requirements might be subject to this law.




business and finance

Dealing with human rights complaints in unionized workplaces

Rhonda B. Levy and Douglas Sanderson examine The Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario preliminary hearing to determine whether allegations made under the Human Rights Code fell within the exclusive jurisdiction of a labour arbitrator, or whether the Tribunal had concurrent jurisdiction over employment-related human rights matters in a unionized workplace. 

Human Resources Director Canada




business and finance

New York to Require Human Trafficking Recognition Training for Certain Hospitality Employees

New York State Governor Kathy Hochul recently signed into law eight pieces of legislation designed to combat human trafficking. These laws require many hospitality industry employers to provide specific anti-human-trafficking awareness training to employees. They also require certain hospitality and transportation industry employers to post information regarding services available to human trafficking victims.




business and finance

Ontario, Canada Court Addresses Statutory Tort of Human Trafficking in Labour Context

  • Temporary foreign worker made a claim for damages against employer for the statutory tort of human trafficking under the Prevention of and Remedies for Human Trafficking Act.