A packet transmission/reception apparatus and method is provided. The packet transmission method of the present invention includes acquiring a source payload including partial source symbols from a source block, generating a source packet including the source payload and an identifier (ID) of the source payload, generating a repair packet including a repair payload corresponding to the source payload and an ID of the repair payload, generating a Forward Error Correction (FEC) packet block including the source and repair packets, and transmitting the FEC packet block. The source payload ID includes a source payload sequence number incrementing by 1 per source packet. The packet transmission/reception method of the present invention is advantageous in improving error correction capability and network resource utilization efficiency.

The present inventions are related to systems and methods for data processing, and more particularly to systems and methods for variable rate coding in a data processing system.

The present invention discloses a method and apparatus for processing and error correction of a GFP-T superblock, where the 64 bytes of payload data of a first superblock are buffered in the first page of a two-page buffer. The flag byte is buffered in a separate buffer, and a CRC operation is performed in a separate logic element. The result of the CRC operation is checked against a single syndrome table which may indicate single- or multi-bit errors. As the payload data of the first superblock is processed and read out of the first page of the two-page buffer, the payload data of a second superblock is written into the second page of the two-page buffer to be processed and corrected.

A method for decoding and checking a tail-biting convolutional code is provided. The method fully utilizes structural features of the tail-biting convolutional code to re-sort Log-Likelihood Ratio (LLR) values input into a decoder, and by reconstructing a derivative generator polynomial of a convolutional code, allows the decoder to output in serial according to a normal ordering of information bits during backtracking, that is, a first bit of an information sequence is first decoded successfully. Thus, CRC checking may be activated as soon as possible, so that part of the backtracking process and the CRC checking may be performed in parallel, thereby achieving the objective of reducing a processing time delay in decoding and checking the tail-biting convolutional code.

A method is provided for receiving a signal. The method includes receiving a signal transmitted in a radio frequency (RF) band including at least one RF channel, demodulating the received signal, parsing a preamble of a signal frame including layer-1 information from the demodulated signal, deinterleaving bits of the layer-1 information, decoding the deinterleaved bits using an error correction decoding scheme including a shortening scheme and a puncturing scheme and obtaining physical layer pipes (PLPs) from the signal frame using the error-correction-decoded layer-1 information.

Generating error data associated with decoding data is disclosed, including: processing an input sequence of samples associated with data stored on media using a detector and a decoder during a global iteration; and generating one or more error values based at least in part on one or more decision bits output by the detector or the decoder and the input sequence of samples.

The present disclosure relates to a method for detecting a parity error in a sequence of DQPSK symbols of a digital transmission system, comprising determining a first demodulated symbol r1; determining a second demodulated symbol r2; determining a first parity symbol p1; determining a second parity symbol p2; determining a super-parity symbol q1; and detecting a parity error in the sequence of DQPSK symbols by comparing a combination of the first parity symbol p1 and the second parity symbol p2 against the super-parity symbol q1, wherein a parity between two DQPSK symbols describes a phase difference between the two DQPSK symbols.

An error control encoding system produces a codeword from a data word, where the resulting codeword includes the data word and three or more parity segments produced using the data word. The system includes a first encoder to encode the data word in two or more first data segments in order to produce two or more first parity segments, where each of the two or more first data segments includes a respective sequential portion of the data word. The system includes a second encoder to encode the data word in one or more second data segments in order to produce a corresponding one or more second parity segments, where each of the one or more second data segments includes a respective sequential portion of the data word, and each of the one or more second data segments also includes a sequential portion of the data included in a plurality of the two or more first data segments. Further, the system includes a controller configured to provide the two or more first data segments of the data word to the first encoder for encoding and to provide the one or more second data segments of the data word to the second encoder for encoding.

A wireless communication system including a sender apparatus having a plurality of transmitting antennas that performs MIMO transmission of a plurality of data blocks; and a receiver apparatus that receives the plurality of data blocks. The sender apparatus transmits a process number via a control channel different from a data channel to the receiver apparatus, and wherein when the MIMO diversity transmission is performed, the receiver apparatus performs HARQ processing in the received data blocks based on not a process number which prevents the data blocks from competing but the received process number from the sender apparatus.

It is provided a computer comprising a nonvolatile memory for storing data, a control processor for controlling the saving of data into the nonvolatile memory, and a battery for supplying power to the computer in case of a failure of an external power supply, wherein the control processor checks a charge amount stored in the battery, calculates an amount of data which can be saved in the nonvolatile memory by the battery in case of a failure of the external power supply based on the checked charge amount, and saves data excluding the amount of data that can be saved, out of data which should be saved into the nonvolatile memory, into the nonvolatile memory in advance.

Example embodiments relate to a bad area managing method of a nonvolatile memory device. The nonvolatile memory device may include a plurality of memory blocks and each block may contain memory layers stacked on a substrate. According to example embodiments, a method includes accessing one of the memory blocks, judging whether the accessed memory block includes at least one memory layer containing a bad memory cell. If a bad memory cell is detected, the method may further include configuring the memory device to treat the at least one memory layer of the accessed memory block as a bad area.

The present disclosure includes apparatus (e.g., computing systems, memory systems, controllers, etc.) and methods for providing data integrity. One or more methods can include, for example: receiving a number of sectors of data to be written to a number of memory devices; appending first metadata corresponding to the number of sectors and including first integrity data to the number of sectors, the first metadata has a particular format; generating second integrity data to be provided in second metadata, the second integrity data corresponding to at least one of the number of sectors (wherein the second metadata has a second format); and generating third integrity data to be provided in the second metadata, the third integrity data including error data corresponding to the second integrity data and the at least one of the number of sectors.

The present invention relates to a method for the degradation of pollutants in water and/or soil. More specific, the present invention relates to a method for the on-site decontamination or re-mediation of water and/or soil which are contaminated with organic compounds. Moreover, the invention relates to a method for forming a barrier against the spreading of a contamination with pollutants within the water and/or soil, especially within groundwater (aquifer). Further, the invention relates to means for use in these methods, and to the production of such means.

The invention relates to a hardenable dental composition comprising component (A) comprising a cationically hardenable compound, component (B) comprising an initiator being able to initiate the hardening reaction of the cationically hardenable compound, and component (C) comprising a filler, wherein the filler comprises a filler body and a filler surface, the filler surface comprising side groups with polar moieties. The invention also relates to a process of producing the dental composition, to the use of the dental composition as dental impression material and to a method of taking an impression of dental tissue.

The invention relates to the treatment of carbonaceous radioactive waste, comprising the delivery of waste to one or more radioactive isotope separation stations isotopes, said isotopes being among at least carbon 14, chlorine 36, and tritium. Advantageously, the delivery to each of the stations occurs in wet form, with water being a common medium for conveying the waste to each of the separation stations.

An apparatus and method for the granulation of radioactive waste in which a preprocessing method for the vitrification of radioactive waste is simplified to conform to onsite conditions of a nuclear power plant, additives are improved, and pellets suitable for vitrification are manufactured. The apparatus for the granulation of radioactive waste includes: a body frame having an inlet and an outlet; a hopper supplying the radioactive waste to be transferred and fed through the inlet; a feeder transferring/supplying the radioactive waste supplied to a specific position and in a certain quantity; a stirrer pulverizing/mixing lumps of the radioactive waste supplied; an additive supply part supplying a lubricant to the radioactive waste fed into the stirrer; and a pellet press pressing the radioactive waste fed through the feeder into a pellet shape and discharging the pellet through the outlet.

The present invention intends to provide a method for removing radioactive cesium, or radioactive iodine and radioactive cesium that is simple and low-cost, further does not require an energy source such as electricity, moreover can take in and stably immobilize the removed radioactive substances within a solid, and can reduce the volume of radioactive waste as necessary, and to provide a hydrophilic resin composition using for the method for removing radioactive cesium, or radioactive iodine and radioactive cesium, and the object of the present invention is achieved by using a hydrophilic resin composition containing: at least one hydrophilic resin selected from the group consisting of a hydrophilic polyurethane resin, a hydrophilic polyurea resin, and a hydrophilic polyurethane-polyurea resin each having at least a hydrophilic segment; and a zeolite dispersed therein in a ratio of at least 1 to 200 mass parts relative to 100 mass parts of the hydrophilic resin.

A method of preparing a simple ceramic ingot of a spent filter having radioactive cesium trapped therein, and a ceramic ingot of a spent filter having improved properties such as leach resistance, thermal stability, and cesium content are provided. The method includes grinding and mixing a spent filter having cesium trapped therein, adding a solidifying agent, and sintering the spent filter. The method of preparing a ceramic ingot of a spent filter can be useful in preparing the ceramic ingot of the spent filter from only the spent filter by means of simple grinding and sintering, and in preparing the ceramic ingot of the spent filter by adding a small amount of a solidifying agent. The ceramic ingot of the spent filter has a high density and improved thermal stability, and shows improved leach resistance since a leach rate of a radioactive material is remarkably low. Therefore, the spent filter having radioactive cesium trapped therein can be effectively used to prepare a stable ceramic ingot.

A continuous process for the thermal treatment of a refinery sludge, comprising the following operations: a. drying of the refinery sludge, possibly mixed with pet-coke, at a temperature ranging from 110 to 120° C.; b. gasification of the dried sludge, at a temperature ranging from 750 to 950° C., for a time of 30 to 60 minutes, in the presence of a gas containing oxygen and water vapour, with the associated production of synthesis gas (CO+H2) and a solid residue; c. combustion of the synthesis gas at a temperature ranging from 850 to 1,200° C. and recycling of the combustion products for the drying and gasification phases; and d. inertization of the solid residue, at a temperature ranging from 1,300 to 1,500° C., by vitrification with plasma torches.

An exemplary system for treatment and disposal of pharmaceutical waste comprises a sealable pail, a stirring device, a sealable bag, a container, an acidic substance, and a denaturant. The sealable pail receives the pharmaceutical waste and the acidic substance. The acidic substance dissolves the pharmaceutical waste, and the stirring device stirs the acidic substance to ensure that the pharmaceutical waste is completely dissolved. The denaturant is added to the dissolved pharmaceutical waste and renders the dissolved pharmaceutical waste safe for transport. The treated pharmaceutical waste is sealed within the sealable pail, and the sealable bag receives the sealed pail and is sealed. The sealed bag is then placed in the container for transport to a disposal facility.

Techniques for disposing of one or more toxic materials, such as coal waste (e.g., fly ash, sludge, etc.), include incorporating the toxic materials into artificial feldspar or forming artificial feldspar from the toxic material(s). The artificial feldspar may be used to form an artificial aggregate, which may be used in a construction material, as road base, as a fill material or for any other suitable purpose. Artificial aggregates that are formed from toxic materials are also disclosed, as are construction materials that include such artificial aggregates.

A decontamination method of solid-state material contaminated by radiocesium comprising bringing the solid-state material containing radiocesium in contact with a first processing solution and preferably eluting cesium ion from the solid-state material to the liquid phase under the presence of potassium ion or ammonium ion.

Methods for converting toxic waste, including nuclear waste, to quasi-natural or artificial feldspar minerals are disclosed. The disclosed methods may include converting, chemically binding, sequestering and incorporating the toxic waste into quasi-natural or artificial Feldspar minerals. The quasi-natural or artificial feldspar minerals may be configured to match naturally occurring materials at a selected disposal site. Methods for the immediate, long term, quasi-permanent disposal or storage of quasi natural or artificial feldspar materials are also disclosed.

A method and apparatus for the stabilization and safe removal of buried waste that is tested and classified as being transuranic or not transuranic waste and disposed accordingly. The buried waste (usually in vertical pipe units) is enclosed in a casing and ground and mixed with the surrounding soil. This process allows for chemical reactions to occur that stabilizes the mixture. The entire process is contained within the casing to avoid contamination. In situ or external testing is done for radio isotopes to classify the waste. If it is classified as transuranic the waste is removed in a controlled way into a retrieval enclosure and disposed off in drums. If the waste is not transuranic then grout is introduced into the mixture, allowed to set and the resulting monolith is removed and buried in trenches.

A method for sequestrating arsenic oxides, comprising forming an insoluble and stable glass incorporating a fully oxidized form of arsenic generated by oxidation of an initial lower oxide of arsenic and stabilization by calcium salt formation. The glass composition for sequestration of arsenic comprises from 50 to 75% silica; from 0.5 to 3% Al2O3; from 1 to 15% MnO; from 5 to 15% CaO; from 1 to 20% As2O5 and from 8 to 14% Na2O, less than four percent of iron oxides, magnesium oxide and other oxides.

Methods of capturing and immobilizing radioactive nuclei with metal fluorite-based inorganic materials are described. For example, a method of capturing and immobilizing radioactive nuclei includes flowing a gas stream through an exhaust apparatus. The exhaust apparatus includes a metal fluorite-based inorganic material. The gas stream includes a radioactive species. The radioactive species is removed from the gas stream by adsorbing the radioactive species to the metal fluorite-based inorganic material of the exhaust apparatus.

Containers and methods for disposing unused pharmaceutical product are disclosed. Each container (100, 200, 300) may include a container body (104, 204, 304) with an internal chamber (116, 216, 316) for storing pharmaceutical product, along with a cover (124, 224, 324) for selectively limiting access to the chamber (116, 216, 316). An encapsulation component (128, 228, 328) may be selectively disposable within the chamber (116, 216, 316), and may be operable to encapsulate the pharmaceutical product within the container (100, 200, 300). For instance, the encapsulation component (128, 228, 328) may melt and/or flow into contact with the pharmaceutical product and thereafter solidify to encapsulate the pharmaceutical product. The encapsulation component (128, 228, 328) may melt and thereafter solidify between the cover (124, 224, 324) and shell (104, 204, 304) to limit removal of the cover (124, 224, 324) from the shell (104, 204, 304).

A process for encapsulating a radioactive object to render the object suitable for shipment and/or storage, and including the steps of preparing a plastic material, causing the plastic material to react with a foaming agent, generating a foaming plastic, encapsulating the radioactive object in the foaming plastic, and allowing the foaming plastic to solidify around the radioactive object to form an impervious coating.

Embodiments of this disclosure relate to tissue digestion and, more particularly, to methods and apparatuses for varying the number, size, and/or location of one or more tissue compartments within a digestive fluid vessel. Some examples include partitions that may be selectively positioned within a vessel (and may be selectively removable from the vessel) to create one or more tissue compartments. The partitions may be positioned, repositioned and rearranged within the vessel to form one or more tissue compartments. The partitions may be solid or include apertures, and may be oriented in horizontally and/or vertically. Alternate embodiments include one or more selectively closeable apertures that permit digestive fluid to circulate along alternate pathways, which can permit tissue digestion with reduced digestive fluid levels. Still further embodiments include baskets that are selectively positionable within the tissue digester. The baskets may also include one or more selectively positionable and/or repositionable partitions.

The invention provides a method and apparatus for creating plasma particles and applying the plasma particles to a liquid. Liquid feedstock (e.g., water and/or hydrocarbons mixed with biomass) is pumped through a pipeline; the single-phase stream is then transformed into a biphasic liquid-and-gas stream inside a chamber. The transformation is achieved by transitioning the stream from a high pressure zone to a lower-pressure zone. The pressure drop may occur when the stream further passes through a device for atomizing liquid. Inside the chamber, an electric field is generated with an intensity level that exceeds the threshold of breakdown voltage of the biphasic medium leading to a generation of a plasma state. Furthermore, the invention provides an energy-efficient highly adaptable and versatile method and apparatus for sanitizing water using plasma particles to inactivate biological agents contaminating water.

Method and apparatus for disposal of used home medication which comprises an outer container being sealable and disposable containing an inner water-soluble packet/bag of gelling agent and coloring agent for stabilizing the used medication wherein the outer container comprises a foil-type container having a double sealing mechanism including a first zip lock sealing portion and a second self-sticking sealing portion to insure that the contents are safely sealed prior to disposal in a conventional home solid waste disposal unit.

The cost relating to a reduction in volume and storage of a waste resin including a radioactive nuclide is reduced. In an aspect of the invention, a volume reduction processing system 1000 is provided. The volume reduction processing system 1000 includes a radioactivity meter 102 that measures the radioactivity of a processing target resin, a volume reduction processing device 110 that carries out a heating process, and an oxidation process using oxygen plasma P on the processing target resin, and a process stopping point computation unit 180 that determines a process stopping point for carrying out a volume reduction process on the processing target resin with the volume reduction processing device as far as a volume reduction target value. The volume reduction processing device 110 stops at least one process of the heating process and oxidation process on the process stopping point being reached.

A method and apparatus for distributing objects. In one embodiment, the method comprises computing a modulus operand based on a number of objects to be distributed and a number of objects pertaining to a first category; computing a modulus operation based on a number of distributed objects and the modulus operand; and distributing a first object or a second object based on a result of computing the modulus operation.

Efficient computation of complex multiplication results and very efficient fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) are provided. A parallel array VLIW digital signal processor is employed along with specialized complex multiplication instructions and communication operations between the processing elements which are overlapped with computation to provide very high performance operation. Successive iterations of a loop of tightly packed VLIWs are used allowing the complex multiplication pipeline hardware to be efficiently used. In addition, efficient techniques for supporting combined multiply accumulate operations are described.

The present technique relates to a reception device and a reception method which can improve equalization performance. An equalization processing unit has a time domain equalization unit which equalizes a received signal in a time domain and a frequency domain equalization unit which is provided in parallel to the time domain equalization unit and which equalizes the received signal in a frequency domain, and performs control of switching between the time domain equalization unit and the frequency domain equalization unit. The present technique can be applied to, for example, equalize a signal of data transmitted by way of single carrier transmission or data transmitted by way of multicarrier transmission.

A barrel shifter uses a sign magnitude to 2's complement converter to generate decoder signals for its cascaded multiplexer selectors. The sign input receives the shift direction and the magnitude input receives the shift amount. The sign magnitude to 2's complement converter computes an output result as a 2's complement of the shift amount using the shift direction as a sign input, assigns a first portion (most significant bit half) of the output result to a first decoder signal, and assigns a second portion (least significant bit half) of the output result to a second decoder signal. This encoding scheme allows the decoder circuits to be relatively simple, for example, 3-to-8 decoders for an implementation adapted to shift a 64-bit operand value rather than the 4-to-9 decoder required in a conventional barrel shifter, leading to faster operation, less area, and reduced power consumption.

The generation of individual-specific information having a good reliability and uniqueness is made possible with a little circuit scale. For this purpose, in an individual-specific information generation apparatus, a plurality of digital circuits are in the same circuit configuration. Each of the digital circuits outputs a fixed or a random number output value individually without their output with respect to a certain input being determined unambiguously among the digital circuits. In each of the digital circuit, an order is defined in advance. A random number judgment unit judges whether the output value is a random value or fixed, for each of the plurality of digital circuits. An individual-specific information generation unit generates the individual-specific information based on information of the order defined in the digital circuit judged by the random number judgment unit as having a fixed output value among the plurality of digital circuits and the output value.

A sine wave generator for a Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) converts a digital phase input into a digital sine wave output. Sine values and slopes are stored in read-only memory (ROM) for coarse upper phase bits in a first quadrant. A quadrant folder and phase splitter reflects and inverts values from the first quadrant to generate amplitudes for all four quadrants. Each sine value and slope is stored for a range of lower phase bits. A Delta bit separates upper and lower phase bits. Delta conditionally inverts the lower phase bits, the sine value, and the final polarity. A reduced AND logic array multiplies the slope by the conditionally inverted lower phase bits. A reconstructed ADD logic array then adds the conditionally inverted sine value. The conditionally inverted polarity is added to generate the final sine value. Sine generation logic is streamlined with conditional inversion based on the Delta bit.

Disclosed is a processor that is able to efficiently execute DFT operations without having part of a basic operational circuit idle even during non-DFT-operation processing. The processor (1) has an operational means (operation unit) (2) and a control means (control unit) (3). The operation means (2) has a plurality of shift addition-and-subtraction means connected such that CORDIC (COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer) operations can be executed. The shift adding-and-subtracting means also execute shift addition-and-subtraction processing of butterfly operations that process shift addition-and-subtraction for one stage or more. The control means (3) instructs the operation means (2) to execute either CORDIC operations or butterfly operations, based on a plurality of data received from the outside.

A circuit arrangement and method couple a hardware-based pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) to an execution unit in such a manner that pseudorandom numbers generated by the PRNG may be selectively output to the execution unit for use as an operand during the execution of instructions by the execution unit. A PRNG may be coupled to an input of an operand multiplexer that outputs to an operand input of an execution unit so that operands provided by instructions supplied to the execution unit are selectively overridden with pseudorandom numbers generated by the PRNG. Furthermore, overridden operands provided by instructions supplied to the execution unit may be used as seed values for the PRNG.

A data collection unit obtains physiological data from a subject interface on a subject. The subject interface can be connected to the data collection unit. When the subject interface is connected to the data collection unit, subject interface contacts on the subject interface make contact with data collection unit contacts on the data collection unit. Some of the data collection unit contacts are for communicating physiological data from the subject interface to the data collection unit. Some of the contacts are for powering the data collection unit upon the subject interface being connected to the data collection unit and for powering down the data collection unit upon the subject interface being disconnected from the data collection unit.

An independently functioning or centrally controlled wall light switch is configured to operate in normal mode and a Jewish holiday mode wherein the state of the light is fixed, regardless of the user's physical manipulation of the light switch. The control system automatically activates holiday mode by combining a geographically determined Jewish religious clock executed by software and hardware that utilizes the current time, date and geographical location of the apparatus in accordance with the Jewish definition of time and laws for calculating numerous religiously significant shifting daily points in time. The control system further incorporates several energy saving and preference modes by utilizing a particular day's calculated religious points in time in conjunction with holiday behavior patterns common to most Jewish families to provide the user with a greatly simplified means of programming an automatically adjusting on/off light timer and dimming overlay functionality during holiday mode.

Method, apparatus, and program means for performing a conversion. In one embodiment, a disclosed apparatus includes a destination storage location corresponding to a first architectural register. A functional unit operates responsive to a control signal, to convert a first packed first format value selected from a set of packed first format values into a plurality of second format values. Each of the first format values has a plurality of sub elements having a first number of bits The second format values have a greater number of bits. The functional unit stores the plurality of second format values into an architectural register.

Method, apparatus, and program means for performing a conversion. In one embodiment, a disclosed apparatus includes a destination storage location corresponding to a first architectural register. A functional unit operates responsive to a control signal, to convert a first packed first format value selected from a set of packed first format values into a plurality of second format values. Each of the first format values has a plurality of sub elements having a first number of bits The second format values have a greater number of bits. The functional unit stores the plurality of second format values into an architectural register.

In accordance with one or more aspects, an initial output string is generated by a random number generator. The initial output string is sent to a random number service, and an indication of failure is received from the random number service if the initial output string is the same as a previous initial output string received by the random number service. Operation of the device is ceased in response to the indication of failure. Additionally, entropy estimates for hash values of an entropy source can be generated by an entropy estimation service based on hash values of various entropy source values received by the entropy estimation service. The hash values can be incorporated into an entropy pool of the device, and the entropy estimate of the pool being updated based on the estimated entropy of the entropy source.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for data processing. As an example, a data processing circuit is disclosed that includes a data detector circuit. The data detector circuit includes an anti-causal noise predictive filter circuit and a data detection circuit. In some cases, the anti-causal noise predictive filter circuit is operable to apply noise predictive filtering to a detector input to yield a filtered output, and the data detection circuit is operable to apply a data detection algorithm to the filtered output derived from the anti-causal noise predictive filter circuit.

Solving computational problems may include generating a logic circuit representation of the computational problem, encoding the logic circuit representation as a discrete optimization problem, and solving the discrete optimization problem using a quantum processor. Output(s) of the logic circuit representation may be clamped such that the solving involves effectively executing the logic circuit representation in reverse to determine input(s) that corresponds to the clamped output(s). The representation may be of a multiplication circuit. The discrete optimization problem may be composed of a set of miniature optimization problems, where each miniature optimization problem encodes a respective logic gate from the logic circuit representation. A multiplication circuit may employ binary representations of factors, and these binary representations may be decomposed to reduce the total number of variables required to represent the multiplication circuit.

Method, apparatus, and program means for performing a conversion. In one embodiment, a disclosed apparatus includes a destination storage location corresponding to a first architectural register. A functional unit operates responsive to a control signal, to convert a first packed first format value selected from a set of packed first format values into a plurality of second format values. Each of the first format values has a plurality of sub elements having a first number of bits The second format values have a greater number of bits. The functional unit stores the plurality of second format values into an architectural register.

Method, apparatus, and program means for performing a conversion. In one embodiment, a disclosed apparatus includes a destination storage location corresponding to a first architectural register. A functional unit operates responsive to a control signal, to convert a first packed first format value selected from a set of packed first format values into a plurality of second format values. Each of the first format values has a plurality of sub elements having a first number of bits The second format values have a greater number of bits. The functional unit stores the plurality of second format values into an architectural register.

A random number generation method and apparatus using a low-power microprocessor is provided. In the random number generation method, a low-power microprocessor determines whether external power is supplied to a random number generator. The low-power microprocessor updates an internal state of the random number generator based on a first scheme if it is determined that the external power is supplied to the random number generator. The low-power microprocessor updates the internal state of the random number generator based on a second scheme different from the first scheme if it is determined that the external power is not supplied to the random number generator.