I never could understand why Numerology simply doesn't get the attention that the occult sciences of Astrology and the Tarot get. You can't open up a daily newspaper without seeing your horoscope, but try to find anything related to Numerology and you might as well wait for world peace. Well, it's no surprise then that a lot of people really don't know what Numerology really is and what it's used for. This article will hopefully give you a decent idea of what's involved so you can make an informed decision on whether or not this is a field of study you want to pursue.

Numerology, believe it or not, has actually been around for over 10,000 years. Practitioners of this art use it, not so much to predict events, but to reveal hidden truths of your inner self. It's kind of like a numerical evaluation of a person. Many of these numbers are pretty much set at the time of your birth, but there are some that change over time, especially if you are a woman who gets married and changes her name.

The basic concept of numerology is very simple. Each letter of the alphabet is assigned a number. These letters, making up your name, where you live, where you went to school, and just about everything involved in your life, get added together and from this number, we learn things about each person. The actual numbers themselves have meanings, so we learn things about people just from the date when they were born.

Not only does each number in numerology have a meaning, but there are certain numbers which are very special, such as 11 and 22. These numbers have deeper meanings when analyzing a person's personality. That's why you will find many powerful and influential people who are born on the 11th or 22nd or have numbers adding up to 11 or 22.

Naturally, this is a very simplified explanation as the actual science of Numerology gets very complex. You can study this science for many years and never truly understand it completely.

On a personal note, I have been into Numerology for over 20 years now. I have done Numerology charts for every member of my family including myself. The almost scary thing is that after doing the analysis for each person, the numbers very much matched up to what I already knew about these people just from living with them. Imagine being able to do that BEFORE you get to know somebody. Numerology can be very helpful in determining if two people are compatible with each other. My wife and I, a perfect match according to the numbers. We've been married for 22 years as of this writing, so maybe there is something to it.

If you want to learn more about this fascinating science, my signature will direct you to a free resource that I have put together where you can learn about Numerology as well as many other occult sciences.

To YOUR Divination Success,

Steven Wagenheim

Psychology has evolved from the Greek word "psyche," which means "soul" or "mind," and "logos," which means speech. It is an academic and applied field concerning the study of the mind, brain, and behavior, both human and nonhuman. Psychology also refers to the practical application of such knowledge to diverse spheres of human activity, including problems of people's daily lives and the treatment of psychological illness.

Psychology differs from anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology in seeking to capture illustrative generalizations about the mental function and explicit behavior of individuals. However, contrary to this, other disciplines depend more heavily on field studies and historical methods for extracting expressive generalizations. In reality, however, there is much "cross-fertilization" that takes place among different fields. Psychology differs from biology and neuroscience in that it is mainly concerned with the interface between mental processes and behavior of a person. It also refers to the common procedures of a system and not merely the biological or neural procedures themselves.

However, subfields of psychology, such as neuropsychology, combine the study of the actual neural processes with the study of the mental effects they have intuitively produced. Psychology in literal terms means the study of the human mind. It illustrates and attempts to explain awareness, behavior, and social interaction. This study can be structured purely in terms of phenomenological descriptions of internal experiences or as a result of behavior, which includes social conduct. Empirical psychology is mainly dedicated to describing human experience and behavior as it actually occurs.

The study of the correlation between consciousness and the brain or nervous system has been undertaken only recently. However, it is still not clear in what ways they interact.

Psychology is a particularly extensive field, which includes various approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. An understanding of brain function is gradually being included in psychological theory and practice, particularly in areas such as artificial intelligence, neuropsychological, and cognitive neuroscience. Mechanical and electronic computing has played an important role in developing the information-processing hypothesis of the mind.

If you look up just about any subject in existence, you're bound to find a comprehensive history on that subject, especially if the subject itself is fairly new, such as the history of something like AIDS or Rock and Roll. But when it comes to the history of Astrology, that's not such an easy thing to tackle for a variety of reasons. This article is going to examine some of the reasons why finding a comprehensive history of Astrology is close to impossible.

The main reason why finding a comprehensive history of Astrology is so hard is because the science itself has been around a long time before writing ever came into existence. So we're talking about a massive amount of history. In order for anybody to even tackle such a project, they would literally have to give their life to it, and very few people are going to want to do it unless they have a real passion for the subject and don't have anything else to do with their time.

Another reason why finding a comprehensive history of Astrology is so hard is because everybody comes into the study of Astrology with their own personal baggage. We all have our own feelings about the subject and it is inevitable that those feelings are going to end up getting included with the facts. Ultimately, what that does is it ends up giving you a history that is neither complete nor accurate.

As a result, if you go to the libraries and book stores and try to find a decent book on the subject, most of them are either terribly incomplete or so filled with personal feelings and opinions that they're not worth reading. There are however a few books on the subject that are worth reading, though still not totally complete. I don't personally think a complete history on Astrology is ever going to hit the shelves, but that of course remains to be seen.

For those interested in when it is believed that Astrology actually began, sometime around 15,000 B.C. would be a fairly accurate guess. The origins were probably somewhere in the Middle East. Of course, depending on what books you read, you'll get slightly different opinions on this as well.

In a way, it's a shame that such a fascinating science is most likely going to remain unknown to the masses as far as its rich history is concerned. Personally, if I didn't have a family to feed and a number of things to do, I'd probably tackle this subject myself.

But where would I start? 15,000 B.C. is a long way to go back to.

To YOUR Divination Success,

Steven Wagenheim

According to their ethical code...which usually becomes part of a state's licensing statutes...the unethics of diagnosing mental disorders by clinical psychologists is a problem.

Clinical psychology has its roots in psychometrics...the scientific measurement of mental functions. The earliest and most commonly known example of this is IQ testing.

For a Ph.D. in clinical psychology...students had to know and use the scientific literature...then to design and carry out publishable scientific research.

If they couldn't...it didn't matter how caring they were in the clinic. They didn't get a Ph.D. because the Code of Ethics For Psychologists -- Standard 2.04 says clearly...

Psychologists' work is based upon established scientific...knowledge of the discipline.

And the 'disorders' in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)...the diagnostic bible...are not determined by scientific investigation. Scientific knowledge is missing in the diagnostic practice of clinical psychology.

A clinical psychologist diagnoses a 'disorder' by matching symptoms to descriptions in the DSM. Good science requires a standard of what's normal before you can decide what is abnormal. But normal and disordered are never defined to differentiate them. So the extent of any 'disorder' can't be measured.

Despite its requirement to be scientific in its activities...the profession became 'medicalized' and adopted the procedures and the jargon of psychiatry -- which has never claimed to be a scientific discipline. It uses borrowed terms like...mental health...psychotherapy...psychopathology...psychiatric diagnosis. And it often relies on medication to manage symptoms in patients.

Why would psychologists use unethical methods?

Unfortunately the incentives...or pressures...are great for psychologists to use unvalidated diagnoses. Insurance companies...who pay psychologists...and the courts...that use them as expert witnesses...put great emphasis on diagnosis of mental disorder.

How could this affect me?

It wouldn't be such a serious matter...except a diagnosis of psychiatric disorder can have unexpected negative consequences in people's lives. When they don't know who uses diagnostic data or how...people even can lose their liberty based on unvalidated disorders.

If you see a clinical psychologist and you use insurance to pay for psychotherapy...a diagnosis is usually required...and may legally be shared with the insurer's affiliated companies.

This data sharing may have negative results (e.g., denial of employment)...which the therapist may not have explored with you. If not...then your agreement to put diagnostic data on the insurance form was not informed consent.

However, the Code of Ethics For Psychologists requires informed consent to share information (Standard 3.10) by discussing...

1. the involvement of third parties (e.g., an insurance company or credit card company and their affiliates) and limits of confidentiality. (Standard 10.01).

2. by discussing the foreseeable uses of the information generated through their psychological activities. (Standard 4.02)

How do I know psychiatric diagnosis isn't scientific?

With the DSM-III the American Psychiatric Association tried to validate the psychiatric diagnosis of 'disorders'...using scientific methods to answer the question: Would clinicians...independently evaluating the same symptoms...arrive at the same diagnosis?

The results were discouraging. Clinician agreement was very variable. This makes almost all mental health diagnoses arbitrary. But they are put in medical records as facts.

And this arbitrariness infects the next edition of the manual (DSM-V). The physicians candidly assert they may never establish the scientific validity of these 'disorders'...

Limitations in the current diagnostic paradigm...embodied in the current

DSM-IV...suggest that future research efforts...exclusively focused on

refining the DSM-defined syndromes...may never be successful...in

uncovering their underlying [causes].

So, the 'disorders' are...and will remain scientifically unreliable opinion.

You can read about the future DSM-V at the url listed below.

How are psychiatric disorders discovered if they're not scientific?

They aren't discovered...most are created. Committees of physicians (and a few non-physicians) decide...intuitively...what a mental disorder is.

For example...if a child is no good at arithmetic...she may be diagnosed with 315.1 Mathematics Disorder. Difficulty with arithmetic may be due to lack of interest. But that's not a disorder. Or it may be due to neurological problems. Which makes it a genuine medical issue...not an arbitrary psychiatric disorder.

What should I do?

You can remember that psychologists are required to practice from established scientific knowledge. They must have your informed consent to share information...such as a diagnosis. So...lacking those things...you should have concerns in this age of massive government and corporate data bases.

And you should raise any concerns about the unethics of diagnosing mental disorders with your psychologist or other therapist. But first know what their ethical requirements are. The url for psychologists is below. For other professions just type into a search engine "ethics for..." and add the name of the profession.

If you and your clinical psychologist haven't discussed these things...which might make you decide not to use insurance benefits...your relationship may be on vague ethical grounds...which are inadequate to protect you...the consumer...from unwanted consequences.

Can I still see a psychologist if I don't want a psychiatric diagnosis?

Of course. It's very doable. And I'll cover how in another article.

The term "light microscope" is a general term that needs a bit of clarification. Just about all microscopes use a light source to illuminate the sample or specimen. This is why they are called light microscopes.

There are several types of light microscopes including simple (single lens) optical microscopes, compound (several lenses) microscopes, stereomicroscopes and digital microscopes. Light microscopes have varying levels of magnification available. With the exception of the stereomicroscope, these usually have a magnification range somewhere between 20X and 1500X. The stereomicroscopes have a lower magnification range of between 20X and 200X due to the fact that they are used primarily to study the surfaces of larger specimens.

In a nutshell, here is a list of the parts of a light microscope.

1. The base is just that: a base that the microscope stands on and allows it to be free standing.

2. The stage is where the sample or specimen slide is placed. There are two metal clips that hold the slide in place.

3. On the stage is a small opening in the center called an aperture. The sample is situated over the aperture for viewing and is held by the clip son the stage.

4. Below the stage is the light source. This is simply a small light bulb that shines upwards through the aperture, thus illuminating the sample. Some microscopes have a diaphragm in the stage that controls how much light is passed through the aperture. NOTE: Stereomicroscopes use two light sources to produce a 3D image to the viewer. The light source can be situated above the stage as in the case of digital microscopes. These microscopes are called inverted microscopes.

5. Directly above the stage is the nosepiece that contains the lenses used to magnify the sample. The nosepiece holds the lenses. The nosepiece rotates so the viewer can select the one they want to use.

6. The lenses, also called objectives, are held by the nosepiece and have different magnification powers, usually from 2X to 15X or 20X.

7. The arm seems to connect the base to the upper parts of the microscope. It is used to carry the microscope.

8. The coarse adjustment knob is located on the side of the microscope. It is used to focus the sample. This knob can move either the stage or the upper parts of the scope.

9. The fine adjustment knob is also located on the side of the scope. This is used to fine-tune the focus after the coarse adjustment has brought the sample into view.

10. The body or tube holds the eyepiece(s) and connects it to the nosepiece lenses.

11. The eyepiece is what you look into. The eyepiece has a magnifying power of approximately 10X.

So now you know all the parts of the microscope, you can intelligently tell your friends all about it. Knowing what the microscope's parts are helps the user to be more comfortable their first time out. It also helps if you need to order replacement parts later on.

If the truth be known...you don't have an intelligence quotient at all!!

What??

You state "to acquire into Mensa...I had to take an intelligence quotient diagnostic test and mark in the mastermind range" Well there are geniuses and there are geniuses...

Some 'geniuses' mark high on intelligence quotient diagnostic tests and never go forth a genius's legacy. While others...some of whom were learning disabled... contrive the visible light bulb... the burning engine... the telephone... the computer... etc. And some geniuses... like Einstein... have got doubted their ain genius.

There's no such as thing as a 'genius' on an intelligence quotient test. The lone diagnostic test of mastermind is what a individual actually sets out into the world.

Mary Ann Evans...from a deeply spiritual nineteenth century family...stopped formal religion-based schooling at 16 to dwell a free-thinking...morally scandalous...life. But...

As Saint George Eliot...she taught herself ancient and modern languages...among other things...and became a published transcriber of German theological textual matters and one of the top fiction authors in the English language. Her influence shaped other geniuses...like Henry Jesse James and Prince Charles Dickens...who followed her...and it goes on to determine modern literature.

She might not make very well on an intelligence quotient diagnostic diagnostic test because the content of the test would be largely irrelevant to her gifts. And Seth Thomas Thomas Edison would be set into particular erectile dysfunction classes...as learning disabled...or as "addled" brained as he was diagnosed. He only had three calendar months of formal schooling.

Well...where is this leading?

IQ diagnostic tests are widely misunderstood...even by psychologists...which is unforgivable.

Geniuses are original originative minds whose bequest is never obsolete but is ever fresh.

So here is a primer on the misconceptions and nature of the intelligence quotient test.

Misconception 1

You have an IQ. You make not because...

An intelligence quotient is a simple statistic. It have got no psychological significance any more than than saying you have an address. Neither an intelligence quotient mark nor a street computer address is portion of you.

Misconception 2

A high intelligence quotient mark intends you're smart. It doesn't because...

The judgements you do in life...and the action you take on those judgments...tells the human race how smart you are...not some test. Some high intelligence quotient people have got got made judgements and determinations that are truly feeble brained.

Everyone can mention modern times when politicians...most of whom have advanced degrees...did unbelievably stupid things. And others can mention modern times when high intelligence quotient operating surgeons operated on the incorrect patient or removed the incorrect limb. Then there are military leadership who...mistakenly...gave orders to open up fire on their ain men.

In short...a high intelligence quotient mark doesn't coerce you to move intelligently.

So what is an IQ?

IQ stand ups for 'intelligence quotient'...a score. It makes not stand up for intelligence.

A quotient...you remember...is the reply you acquire when you split one figure by another. An intelligence quotient is a number...not a quality of your brain.

When the first intelligence quotient diagnostic diagnostic test was developed by Binet...to rank order students by academic skill...he used a scoring system for his test based on months.

When you got the right reply you got a month's credit. You then added up all of the calendar calendar months to acquire a 'mental age'...and then divided that figure by the months of your chronological age. So if you were 100 calendar calendar calendar calendar months old and you got a diagnostic test mark of 110 months...you split 110 months (your mental age) by 100 months (your existent age) and the quotient = 1.1

To avoid fractions...multiply the quotient by 100. So an intelligence quotient mark of 1.1 goes 110. That agency you are slightly in progress of your chronological age and might be reading-ready before person with a 99 IQ...but without motive it doesn't matter.

Besides motivation...the other ingredient of mastermind is imagination...which is not measured by intelligence quotient tests. Geniuses conceive of what isn't and what most people believe is impossible. The "addled" Seth Thomas Thomas Edison would not have got been able to spell impossible. No problem...it wasn't portion of his vocabulary anyway.

As clip went on...a psychologist named Wechsler abandoned the intelligence quotient computation and devised a widely used...heavily researched...test that states you your percentile rank...and he arbitrarily made a mark of 100 equal to the 50th percentile.

Because the intelligence quotient label was so entrenched in the public vocabulary...he converted percentile ranks to IQs for easiness of communication. But a mark on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) is nil more than your rank among your age peers...on that test.

So a WAIS-R mark of 100 (50th percentile) intends that 50% of your age equals did worse on the diagnostic diagnostic test than you did...and 50% did better. A mark of 85 agency that 16% of your equals did worse than you and 84% did better. A mark of 115 agency that you did better on the diagnostic test than 84% of your equals and 16% outperformed you. Notice that the percents above and below you add up to 100%

So what make you cognize from these scores? Only the information given in the last paragraphs. The diagnostic tests cannot state who will contrive the replacement to the visible light bulb. And modern atom physicists are still trying to work out the nature of substance based on the Grecian observation...made one thousands of old age ago...that everything is made of unseeable atoms in motion.

There...an intelligence quotient mark is nil more than your relative place to your age equals on a peculiar test. That's it.

So if you desire to put claim to genius...forget the intelligence quotient that you don't have got anyway...and dreaming the impossible dream. If you believe a claim to mastermind is out of the inquiry for you because you "have" only an norm IQ...forget about it. You might just do the impossible dreaming a world the manner Seth Thomas Thomas Edison did.