In many OECD countries debt has soared to levels threatening fiscal sustainability, necessitating its reduction over the medium to longer term. This paper uses stylised simulations in a small, calibrated macroeconomic model which features endogenous interactions between fiscal policy, growth and financial markets.

by Charles Jenkins, Writer, Commentator and former Director of Western Europe Country Analysis, Economist Intelligence Unit, London. The EU’s crisis has as much to do with leadership and solidarity as resolving fiscal and debt problems. It is time to dispense with caricatures and write the next chapter in the EU’s ongoing history. And for that, clear and transparent data will be needed.

In several OECD countries, ongoing fiscal consolidation might have a negative impact on the static income distribution. However, this conclusion should be treated only as an approximate first step in the analysis.

The challenge for fiscal policy in Slovakia is to achieve fiscal consolidation in a way which supports the fragile recovery and protects spending on areas which are important for re-embarking on a trajectory of high trend growth and underpinning a catch-up in living standards.

This study proposes a structured approach to selecting instruments of fiscal consolidation that are consistent with growth, equity and global-rebalancing objectives, which is then illustrated with a particular application.

This paper provides an overview of fiscal consolidation efforts at the central and sub-central government level, both during the current and past consolidation episodes.

Fiscal rules that constrain sub-central government (SCG) budgeting are very common across the OECD, but there are substantial cross-country differences in their implementation and impact. This paper presents the 2011 update of the fiscal rules database established in 2005.

This paper provides empirical analysis that measures the cyclical properties of intergovernmental transfers (or grants). Modelling a fiscal policy reaction function this paper tests whether the transfers systems in OECD countries are pro- or counter-cyclical, i.e. whether they offset cyclical fluctuations of sub-central economies or, on the contrary, exacerbate them.

Despite sustained efforts made in recent years to rein in budget deficits, a majority of OECD countries still face substantial fiscal consolidation needs. The choices made about which spending areas to curtail and which taxes to hike will have implications for near-term activity and long-term growth as well as for equity and the current account.

In many OECD countries, government debt reached levels over recent years that call for reduction over the medium to longer term to ensure public finance sustainability. This paper investigates the international transmission of fiscal consolidation shocks via trade flows.

El Gobierno de México solicitó a la OCDE un Estudio sobre Políticas de Integridad, concentrado en el combate a la corrupción, la prevención de conflictos de interés y la integridad en el servicio público.

This online resource will guide you in implementing the OECD Principles on Effective Public Investment Across Levels of Government. In addition to better familiarising yourself with the 12 Principles, the Toolkit lets you compare indicators and best practices in use in numerous countries, regions and municipalities.

With gross government debt of 226% of GDP, Japan’s fiscal situation is in uncharted territory and puts the economy at risk. Japan needs a detailed and credible fiscal consolidation plan, including specific revenue increases and measures to control spending to restore its fiscal sustainability.

This paper describes the main anti-avoidance rules against international tax planning by multinational enterprises in OECD and G20 countries.

This guidance addresses the unique due diligence challenges posed by gold, such as its intrinsic high-value and fungible nature, the non-linear structure of its supply chain, and its multiple downstream uses.

This book presents a study of the corporate governance legal framework and enforcement by capital market regulators in participating Asian jurisdictions.

This public consultation was held to gather comments on the draft FAO-OECD guidance for responsible agricultural supply chains which is designed to help enterprises observe standards of responsible business conduct along their agricultural supply chains. The deadline for comment was 20 February 2015.

This public consultation is being held to gather comments on the draft OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Meaningful Stakeholder Engagement in the Extractives Sector which provides practical guidance to mining, oil and gas enterprises in addressing the challenges related to stakeholder engagement. The deadline for comment is 5 June 2015.

8/2/2017 - The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains in the Garment and Footwear Sector will help enterprises to identify and prevent potential negative impacts related to human rights, labour, the environment and corruption in garment and footwear supply chains worldwide.

The OECD Due Diligence Guidance is being used as the basis and benchmark by many industry initiatives created to ensure the responsible sourcing of minerals. This report presents the findings of a pilot alignment assessment of five industry programmes against the recommendations of the OECD Guidance to gauge the coherence, effectiveness and credibility of these initiatives.

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises recommend that enterprises conduct due diligence in order to identify, prevent or mitigate and account for how actual and potential adverse impacts are addressed. This Due Diligence Guidance provides practical support to enterprises by providing plain language explanations of due diligence recommendations and associated provisions.

IP Addresses in Trinidad and Tobago increased to 175628 IP in the first quarter of 2017 from 172771 IP in the fourth quarter of 2016. IP Addresses in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 165746.23 IP from 2007 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 227795 IP in the third quarter of 2014 and a record low of 33966 IP in the third quarter of 2007. This page includes a chart with historical data for Trinidad and TobagoIP Addresses.

Precipitation in Trinidad and Tobago increased to 228.15 mm in December from 133.43 mm in November of 2015. Precipitation in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 133.75 mm from 1901 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 377.51 mm in November of 1904 and a record low of 3.94 mm in February of 2010. This page includes a chart with historical data for Trinidad and Tobago Average Precipitation.

Temperature in Trinidad and Tobago decreased to 26.32 celsius in December from 26.89 celsius in November of 2015. Temperature in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 26.13 celsius from 1824 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 28.41 celsius in March of 2010 and a record low of 23.41 celsius in January of 1861. This page includes a chart with historical data for Trinidad and Tobago Average Temperature.

The Corporate Tax Rate in Trinidad And Tobago stands at 25 percent. In Trinidad And Tobago, the Corporate Income tax rate is a tax collected from companies. Its amount is based on the net income companies obtain while exercising their business activity, normally during one business year. The benchmark we use refers to the highest rate for Corporate Income. Revenues from the Corporate Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Trinidad And Tobago. This page provides - Trinidad And Tobago Corporate Tax Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Military Expenditure in Trinidad And Tobago decreased to 165 USD Million in 2018 from 203 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Trinidad And Tobago averaged 140.44 USD Million from 1968 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 233 USD Million in 2013 and a record low of 33.40 USD Million in 2001.

The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Trinidad and Tobago was last recorded at 15288.90 US dollars in 2018. The GDP per Capita in Trinidad and Tobago is equivalent to 121 percent of the world's average. GDP per capita in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 9137.86 USD from 1960 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 17064.50 USD in 2008 and a record low of 4006.70 USD in 1960. The GDP per capita is obtained by dividing the country’s gross domestic product, adjusted by inflation, by the total population. This page provides - Trinidad and Tobago GDP per capita - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Trinidad and Tobago was last recorded at 28647.10 US dollars in 2018, when adjusted by purchasing power parity (PPP). The GDP per Capita, in Trinidad and Tobago, when adjusted by Purchasing Power Parity is equivalent to 161 percent of the world's average. GDP per capita PPP in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 22871.40 USD from 1990 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 31974 USD in 2008 and a record low of 10911.90 USD in 1990. The GDP per capita PPP is obtained by dividing the country’s gross domestic product, adjusted by purchasing power parity, by the total population. This page provides - Trinidad and Tobago GDP per capita PPP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Deposit Interest Rate in Trinidad and Tobago remained unchanged at 1.50 percent in 2018 from 1.50 percent in 2017. Deposit Interest Rate in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 4.87 percent from 1981 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 8.51 percent in 1999 and a record low of 1.50 percent in 2011. The Deposit Interest Rate is the average rate paid by commercial banks to individuals or corporations on deposits. This page includes a chart with historical data for Deposit Interest Rate in Trinidad and Tobago.

Trinidad and Tobago scored 58.30 points out of 100 on the 2018 Global Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum. Competitiveness Index in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 16.41 Points from 2007 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 58.30 Points in 2019 and a record low of 3.85 Points in 2009. The most recent 2018 edition of Global Competitiveness Report assesses 140 economies. The report is made up of 98 variables, from a combination of data from international organizations as well as from the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey. The variables are organized into twelve pillars with the most important including: institutions; infrastructure; ICT adoption; macroeconomic stability; health; skills; product market; labour market; financial system; market size; business dynamism; and innovation capability. The GCI varies between 1 and 100, higher average score means higher degree of competitiveness. With the 2018 edition, the World Economic Forum introduced a new methodology, aiming to integrate the notion of the 4th Industrial Revolution into the definition of competitiveness. It emphasizes the role of human capital, innovation, resilience and agility, as not only drivers but also defining features of economic success in the 4th Industrial Revolution. This page provides the latest reported value for - Trinidad and Tobago Competitiveness Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Trinidad and Tobago is the 79 most competitive nation in the world out of 140 countries ranked in the 2018 edition of the Global Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum. Competitiveness Rank in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 83.85 from 2007 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 92 in 2009 and a record low of 76 in 2007. The most recent 2018 edition of Global Competitiveness Report assesses 140 economies. In 2018, the World Economic Forum introduced a new methodology emphasizing the role of human capital, innovation, resilience and agility, as not only drivers but also defining features of economic success in the 4th Industrial Revolution. As a result, the GCI scale changed to 1 to 100 from 1 to 7, with higher average score meaning higher degree of competitiveness. The report is made up of 98 variables organized into twelve pillars with the most important including: institutions; infrastructure; ICT adoption; macroeconomic stability; health; skills; product market; labour market; financial system; market size; business dynamism; and innovation capability. This page provides the latest reported value for - Trinidad and Tobago Competitiveness Rank - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Gold Reserves in Trinidad And Tobago remained unchanged at 1.94 Tonnes in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 1.94 Tonnes in the third quarter of 2019. Gold Reserves in Trinidad And Tobago averaged 1.91 Tonnes from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1.94 Tonnes in the third quarter of 2019 and a record low of 1.86 Tonnes in the second quarter of 2000. Gold Reserves are country’s gold assets held or controlled by the central bank. This page provides - Trinidad And Tobago Gold Reserves - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Trinidad and Tobago is ranked 105 among 190 economies in the ease of doing business, according to the latest World Bank annual ratings. The rank of Trinidad and Tobago remained unchanged at 105 in 2019 from 105 in 2018. Ease of Doing Business in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 84.75 from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 105 in 2018 and a record low of 63 in 2012. The Ease of doing business index ranks countries against each other based on how the regulatory environment is conducive to business operationstronger protections of property rights. Economies with a high rank (1 to 20) have simpler and more friendly regulations for businesses. This page includes a chart with historical data for Ease of Doing Business in Trinidad and Tobago.

Terrorism Index in Trinidad and Tobago decreased to 0.02 in 2018 from 0.12 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 0.44 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 2.23 in 2013 and a record low of 0 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).

Trinidad and Tobago scored 40 points out of 100 on the 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Index in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 39.21 Points from 2001 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 53 Points in 2001 and a record low of 32 Points in 2006. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory’s score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). This page provides the latest reported value for - Trinidad and Tobago Corruption Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Trinidad and Tobago is the 85 least corrupt nation out of 175 countries, according to the 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Rank in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 71.11 from 2001 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 101 in 2016 and a record low of 31 in 2001. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory's rank indicates its position relative to the other countries and territories in the index. This page provides the latest reported value for - Trinidad and Tobago Corruption Rank - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The Sales Tax Rate in Trinidad And Tobago stands at 12.50 percent. Sales Tax Rate in Trinidad And Tobago averaged 13.33 percent from 2014 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 15 percent in 2015 and a record low of 12.50 percent in 2016. In Trinidad And Tobago, the sales tax rate is a tax charged to consumers based on the purchase price of certain goods and services. The benchmark we use for the sales tax rate refers to the highest rate. Revenues from the Sales Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Trinidad And Tobago. This page provides - Trinidad And Tobago Sales Tax Rate | VAT - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Personal Income Tax Rate in Trinidad And Tobago stands at 25 percent. In Trinidad And Tobago, the Personal Income Tax Rate is a tax collected from individuals and is imposed on different sources of income like labor, pensions, interest and dividends. The benchmark we use refers to the Top Marginal Tax Rate for individuals. Revenues from the Personal Income Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Trinidad And Tobago. This page provides - Trinidad And Tobago Personal Income Tax Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Trinidad and Tobago was worth 21 billion US dollars in 2019, according to official data from the World Bank and projections from Trading Economics. The GDP value of Trinidad and Tobago represents 0.02 percent of the world economy. GDP in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 9.04 USD Billion from 1960 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 27.87 USD Billion in 2008 and a record low of 0.54 USD Billion in 1960. The gross domestic product (GDP) measures of national income and output for a given country's economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time. This page provides - Trinidad and Tobago GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Industrial Production in Trinidad And Tobago decreased 7.70 percent in the third quarter of 2019 over the same quarter in the previous year. Industrial Production in Trinidad And Tobago averaged 5.53 percent from 1996 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 24.20 percent in the fourth quarter of 2002 and a record low of -14.20 percent in the second quarter of 2016. This page provides - Trinidad And Tobago Industrial Production- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Industrial Production in Trinidad And Tobago decreased 1.90 percent in September of 2019 over the previous month. Industrial Production Mom in Trinidad And Tobago averaged 1.38 percent from 1996 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 15.70 percent in the third quarter of 2018 and a record low of -19.30 percent in the fourth quarter of 2018. This page provides - Trinidad And Tobago Industrial Production MoM- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Exports in Trinidad and Tobago decreased to 2034.30 USD Million in the third quarter of 2019 from 2150 USD Million in the second quarter of 2019. Exports in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 2198.21 USD Million from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 6226.80 USD Million in the first quarter of 2013 and a record low of 486.10 USD Million in the third quarter of 1995. Trinidad and Tobago mainly exports natural gas and oil (80 percent of total exports). Others include ammonia, alcohols, iron, fertilizers, and iron and steel. Trinidad and Tobago’s main exports partner is the United States, accounting for around 52 percent of total exports. Others include Jamaica, Spain, Mexico, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, Barbados, France and the United Kingdom. This page provides - Trinidad and Tobago Exports - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Imports in Trinidad and Tobago increased to 1611.60 USD Million in the third quarter of 2019 from 1472.60 USD Million in the second quarter of 2019. Imports in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 1539.21 USD Million from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 3976.90 USD Million in the second quarter of 2014 and a record low of 415.70 USD Million in the first quarter of 1995. Trinidad and Tobago mainly imports oil, iron ore, fuel, vehicles, water heaters, ethyl alcohol, iron and steel, pumps and catalysts. Trinidad and Tobago’s main imports partners are the United States, Brazil, Colombia, Russia, Germany, China, Japan, Nigeria and Venezuela. This page provides the latest reported value for - Trinidad and Tobago Imports - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Trinidad and Tobago recorded a trade surplus of 422.70 USD Million in the third quarter of 2019. Balance of Trade in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 659 USD Million from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 3473.90 USD Million in the first quarter of 2013 and a record low of -396 USD Million in the third quarter of 2013. Trinidad and Tobago mainly exports natural gas and oil, ammonia, alcohols, iron, fertilizers, and iron and steel. Trinidad and Tobago mainly imports oil, iron ore, fuel, vehicles, water heaters, ethyl alcohol, iron and steel, pumps and catalysts. Trinidad and Tobago’s main trading partner is the United States, accounting for around 45 percent of total trade. Others include Jamaica, Spain, Colombia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia and the Dominican Republic. This page provides the latest reported value for - Trinidad and Tobago Balance of Trade - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Trinidad and Tobago expanded 0.90 percent in the third quarter of 2019 over the same quarter of the previous year. GDP Annual Growth Rate in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 2.65 percent from 1991 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 20.60 percent in the second quarter of 2003 and a record low of -11.90 percent in the third quarter of 2016. Trinidad and Tobago is one of the richest countries in the Caribbean. The most important sector of the economy is oil and gas production which accounts for around 40 percent of GDP, but employs only 5 percent of the labour force. Trinidad and Tobago is also a major producer of ammonia and methanol. In recent years, services like finance and tourism have been rapidly expanding as the government is trying to diversify the economy. Yet, corruption, poor infrastructure and drug related crime are the major obstacles to growth in the private sector and tourism. This page provides - Trinidad and Tobago GDP Annual Growth Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Capacity Utilization in Trinidad And Tobago decreased to 64.20 percent in the third quarter of 2019 from 64.50 percent in the second quarter of 2019. Capacity Utilization in Trinidad And Tobago averaged 67.06 percent from 2009 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 74 percent in the second quarter of 2017 and a record low of 62.70 percent in the first quarter of 2013. This page provides - Trinidad And Tobago Capacity Utilization- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Cost of food in Trinidad And Tobago decreased 1 percent in December of 2019 over the same month in the previous year. Food Inflation in Trinidad And Tobago averaged 12.99 percent from 2004 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 39.13 percent in August of 2010 and a record low of -1.10 percent in November of 2019. This page provides the latest reported value for - Trinidad And Tobago Food Inflation - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Unemployment Rate in Trinidad and Tobago increased to 4.60 percent in the third quarter of 2018 from 3.80 percent in the second quarter of 2018. Unemployment Rate in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 9.82 percent from 1991 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 21.10 percent in the first quarter of 1993 and a record low of 3.10 percent in the first quarter of 2014. In Trinidad and Tobago, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. This page provides the latest reported value for - Trinidad and Tobago Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The number of employed persons in Trinidad And Tobago increased to 606 Thousand in the third quarter of 2018 from 604.20 Thousand in the second quarter of 2018. Employed Persons in Trinidad And Tobago averaged 534.71 Thousand from 1991 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 643.50 Thousand in the first quarter of 2014 and a record low of 384.60 Thousand in the first quarter of 1991. This page provides - Trinidad And Tobago Employed Persons- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Money Supply M0 in Trinidad And Tobago decreased to 24130.80 TTD Million in January from 25644.30 TTD Million in December of 2019. Money Supply M0 in Trinidad And Tobago averaged 12491.61 TTD Million from 1991 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 35129.40 TTD Million in November of 2014 and a record low of 1663.50 TTD Million in December of 1992. This page provides - Trinidad And Tobago Money Supply M0- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.