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ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY GUN HAVING EXTERNAL CHARGE POINTS

An electrostatic spray apparatus includes an electrostatic spray gun having a first external surface and a second external surface. A first electrode is disposed on the first external surface and is configured to ionize a material and to generate a first electrical field between the first electrode and a grounded object. A second electrode is disposed on the second external surface of the apparatus and is configured to generate a second electric field between the second electrode and the grounded object.




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Two Component Adhesive Spray Gun and Spray Pattern

A two part adhesive spray system is provided herein. This system provides numerous enhancements to the prior art including limiting overspray “fog,” saving on sprayed material because of a more efficient spray pattern, and providing a more efficient bond than that of the prior art. In particular, the present invention provides a spray pattern having both adhesive and activator. The activator is sprayed in a smaller spray area than the adhesive, which is sprayed on a larger area. As such, when sprayed on a substrate, the activator provides a rapid tack to hold a second adhered material to the substrate sufficient to hold it in place while the remainder of the adhesive dries and/or cures.




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BODY-WORN/CARRIED PUMP STATION

The invention regards in a first aspect a body-worn/carried pump station comprising a housing having at least one compartment, in said housing having at least a pump, a motor and an internal power supply, where said motor is powered by said internal power supply, and a container comprising material to be pumped, wherein said pump has means for connecting said container, at least one hose connected to said pump in one end and connected to a dispensing means in the other end for dispensing material pumped from the container, control means for start/stop and/or for controlling and/or setting up said pump station, and a display, wherein at least said control means or said display is located remotely from said pump station. The invention regards in second aspect a container connector assembly, comprising: a first connector comprising a first inlet and first outlet, a second connector comprising a second inlet a second outlet, a first mounting means on said first connector for connecting said first connector to a container comprising a container opening, a second mounting means on said first connector for connecting said first connector to second connector, a third mounting means on said second connector for receiving said first connector, a fourth mounting means on said second connector for connecting said second connector to a device comprising a device opening, a valve inside said first connector and/or inside said second connector to be opened and closed, wherein said second and/or third mounting means is configured for connecting said first connector to said second connector by a translational movement of said connector(s), and wherein said translational movement is substantially perpendicular to an axis formed along said first outlet and second inlet when the connectors are connected.




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MULTI-AXIS ARTICULATING AND ROTARY SPRAY SYSTEM AND METHOD

The present disclosure provides a system and method articulating and rotary spray system for fluids that includes a first drive for rotating a mast for different headings and a second drive for rotating a nozzle for different pitches at any time with or without rotation of the mast. The method and system uses a system of interacting gears that rotate a control rod in variable synchronization to control the nozzle pitch relative to the mast heading while the control rod orbits about a center of rotation of the rotating mast along a longitudinal axis.




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ULTRASONIC-ROTARY COMPOSITE ATOMIZATION MECHANISM

An ultrasonic-rotary composite atomization mechanism comprises a housing and an ultrasonic unit passing through the housing and free to rotate with respect to the housing. A dynamic unit is installed in a position of the ultrasonic unit, which is corresponding to the housing, to drive the ultrasonic unit to rotate with respect to the housing. The ultrasonic unit includes a material supply channel, a vibration member disposed in the ultrasonic unit, and a vibration-rotation cup connected with the material supply channel. The material supply channel carries a liquid into the vibration-rotation cup. The dynamic unit and vibration member operate simultaneously to make the vibration-rotation cup rotate at high speed and vibrate ultrasonically. Thus is generated a synergistic effect: the ultrasonic vibration uses inertia force to break the cohesion and disperse the liquid, and the high-speed rotation generates centrifugal force to atomize the liquid.




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TRANSLATING CASCADE THRUST REVERSER WITH CONTROL OF BLOCKER DOOR

Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a system associated with a thrust reverser of an aircraft, comprising: a set of cascades incorporating a track, the track including a first track end and a second track end, a blocker door, and a link including a first link end coupled to the track and a second link end coupled to the blocker door, where the cascades are configured to translate between a stowed position and a deployed position to cause the first link end to traverse the track.




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VALVE FOR LIQUID RESERVOIR OF FOG GENERATOR

The current invention provides for a fog generator. More specifically, it provides for a housing comprising a fog generating liquid and a valve that, in a closed position, prevents the fog generating liquid from flowing out of the housing, in which the said valve is kept in a closed position by means of a fuse wire (6).




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HURRICANE DISSIPATION SYSTEM AND METHOD

A storm dissipation system having: means for moving water from a body of water located in the proximity of said storm, and means for mixing said water with the air for the purpose of changing the energy of said storm.




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Rotatable Shroud for Directional Control of Application Area

A controlled droplet application (CDA) nozzle has a CDA nozzle cone having a first axis of rotation in a first position and, after adjustment, a second axis of rotation in a second position orthogonal to the first. A rotationally adjustable directional shroud surrounds at least a portion of the cone, the directional shroud blocking at least a portion of a lip of the cone regardless of whether the cone is positioned in the first or second axis of rotation.




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SYSTEMS FOR DIFFUSING VOLATILE COMPOUNDS UTILIZING MOVEABLE PODS

A system for diffusing one or more volatile compounds includes a base and a pod tray, carried by the base. At least one pod is carried by the pod tray. The pod has a housing holding a volatile compound mass, the housing and mass being moveable relative to one another. An actuator is carried by the base, the actuator being operable to engage the pod and move the housing and the volatile compound mass relative to one another. The pod and the actuator are positionable relative to one another such that one or both of the pod and the actuator can be positioned proximate to one another to enable the actuator to engage the pod and move the housing and the volatile compound mass relative to one another.




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AEROSOL DELIVERY SYSTEM WITH HUMIDIFICATION

An aerosol delivery system has a nebulizer and a humidifier providing a gas flow to the nebulizer. A controller varies humidity level of the gas flow to the nebulizer so that if the nebulizer is not operating it has about 100% humidity and it is operating the value is less to allow for the humidification effect of the nebulizer. The control may be achieved by dynamically varying proportions of flow through a dry branch and a humidification branch.




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IMPELLER FOR ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY GUN

An alternator, such as for use in an electrostatic spray gun, comprises an electromagnetic alternator, a housing and an impeller. The electromagnetic alternator has a shaft. The electromagnetic alternator is disposed within the housing. The housing has an air aperture. The impeller is mounted to the shaft within the housing so as to be aligned with the air aperture. The impeller includes blades having curved leading and trailing edges. In one embodiment, each blade has a curvature so as to be perpendicular to the air aperture across an entire arc over which each impeller blade has a line of sight of the air aperture.




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CONTACTING TYPE INFILTRATION GROOVE FOR PHOTORESIST COATING EQUIPMENT

The present invention provides a contacting type infiltration groove for photoresist coating equipment, comprises a loading main body and a sprinkler head. A spray nozzle is provided at the end of the sprinkler head, wherein, a limiting component is additional clamped at the end of the sprinkler head to make only the spray nozzle of the sprinkler head dip into the solvent in the loading main body. The sprinkler head can be hold up by the limiting component to separate the non-spray nozzle from the solvent so as to avoid the solvent contacting on the surface of the non-spray nozzle part. The contacting surface of the sprinkler head is setting on the top of the spray nozzle to make them adhere seamlessly together.




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METHOD FOR USING A FLOW OF AIR TO CREATE A PROTECTED FIELD

In one embodiment, a method of creating a protected field is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes directing a first flow of air around a target space, drawing the first flow of air in through a primary air intake vent to create a first flow field envelope. In one embodiment, a second flow of air is directed within the first flow field envelope.




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Waste Water Diffuser

This application claims a system for the distribution of waste water. The invention allows water to drain from a source into the invention, where the water is distributed and diffused through a collection of outlets. Thus a large amount of water can be distributed over a large area so that the environment can more easily absorb the water and the flow of water does not cause erosion. The preferred embodiment of the invention optionally may include one or more filters to remove substances from the water before distribution.




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The Ravenous Creativity of Marica Petrey’s Girl Swallows Nightingale

(P.S.: No birds were harmed in the making of this album.) Vocalist and songwriter Marica Petrey is too young to have experienced mind-blowing Bay Area art-rock bands like Idiot Flesh and Sleepytime Gorrila Museum, but she's working in a grand tradition that turns concerts into gothic, theatrical extravaganzas. Far more than a recording, her new album Shapeshifter by her band Girl Swallows Nightingale features an impressive cast of collaborators who help her summon weird and wondrous sights, sounds, textures, and even tastes. …




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Hand-operated pliers

Hand-operated pliers for piercing an irrigation pipe and fitting such an irrigation pipe with a drip emitter, include two jaws, a device for piercing the pipe as the two jaws are brought closer together and a device for fitting a drip emitter onto the pierced pipe while the two jaws are being brought closer together, for fitting such a pipe with such a drip emitter.




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Biaxial foldout tool with multiple tools on a side and a rotational stop

A biaxial foldout tool includes a body with opposing ends and one or more sets of tool drivers. The opposing ends are rotated 90° from each other. A first set of tool drivers is positioned on/near a first end and rotates about a first hinge; a second set of tool drivers is positioned on/near a second end and rotates about a second hinge. A first portion of the first set opens in a direction counter to an open direction of a second portion of the first set of tool drivers. A first portion of the second set opens in a direction counter to an open direction of a second portion of the second set of tool drivers. When tool drivers are in an open position, internal stops prevent the tool drivers from opening past a predetermined angle. The tool drivers are contained within channels of the body when in a closed position.




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Multipurpose handheld tool and associated method

A multifunctional hand-operable beverage service tool includes a casing having a cavity defined therein, the casing having a proximal end region and a distal end region. A plurality of tools are pivotally coupled to said casing, the tools each being independently pivotable relative to the casing along an arcuate path defined between retracted and deployed positions; wherein one of said plurality of tools comprises a wine key lever. A first opening is positioned through the distal end region of the casing, the first opening being constructed and arranged to engage and remove a bottle cap. A second opening comprising a finger hole is positioned through the proximal end region of the casing.




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Hand-operated striking tool enabling vibrations to be reduced, and method for manufacturing

This tool, which is in particular a hammer, comprises a gripping handle, a striking head, and an intermediate shaft extending the handle and supporting the head, whereas the handle comprises a tube in which the shaft partially extends, this tube and this shaft being made from a rigid material presenting a first hardness. This shaft has a radial area bearing against the tube, with interposition of a link part, for absorbing vibrations, made from flexible material presenting a second hardness that is much lower than the first hardness, and a free terminal area, not covered by the link part, radially separated from the walls of the tube so as to be able to vibrate freely in an internal volume of the tube.




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Method and device for controlling effective heat transfer in a solid gas storage system

A method for controlling the effective heat transfer from a storage unit (1). During gas release from storage material (3) in the storage unit the storage material is heated by a heater (2). During re-saturation of the storage material (3) with gas the heater is off. Controlling of the effective heat transfer from the storage unit (1) is performed, during gas release, by ceasing convection of a convection gas and, during re-saturation, by performing or enabling convection of a convection gas to cool the storage unit (1).




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Combination handle locking and beverage container opener

A combination handle clamp, beverage bottle and can opener having a generally curved shaped body and integral attachment point to allow connection to other personal item such as a key ring. A secondary and tertiary integral curved section form a pair of loading points for fixing open a handle-trigger assembly and incorporate a gripping edge to facilitate opening a crimped or vacuum sealed bottle top. The tertiary curved section additionally functions as a second clamp position for the larger handles and also doubles as a pry mechanism to assist opening a pop-top can. The said gripping edge of the invention which contacts with said bottle top to be constructed of a durable material that won't abrade from its intended use.




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Device for tapping and inoculating trees

The device for tapping and inoculating trees includes an elongate, main arm having an actuating mechanism attached to one end and a housing attached to the opposite end. A cutting mechanism extends from one side of the housing and a spray system is disposed in a recess in the housing. A universal actuator operates both the cutting mechanism and the spray system upon activation by the actuating mechanism. The cutting mechanism taps or scrapes the bark off the target branch and the spray system sprays a solution that stimulates the tapped area into producing more sap and sap of higher quality.




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Multi-tool apparatus

A multi-tool apparatus includes a frame having at least one opening and at least one gate element partially bounding the at least one opening. The at least one gate element is movable relative to the frame to permit access to the opening. The apparatus includes at least one cutting element partially bounding the at least one opening. The at least one gate element is movable into the opening so that the at least one gate element and at least one cutting element come into contact for wire stripping, crimping, and cutting operations.




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Folding interchangeable implement apparatus

A compact, folding tool permitting the exchange of implement sets, including one or more quick release mechanisms that are easily removed from a handle to release interchangeable implements; the tool further accommodating implement sets including different types and quantities of implements which are inhibited from rotating by an adjustable clamping force produced by the quick release mechanisms and optionally including over travel stops to obstruct implement rotation, or may rely solely on the clamping force provided by the quick release mechanisms to stabilize implements for use.




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Corn preparation device

A device is provided for cutting and/or de-silking corn on the cob. A single unit has a base and a removable cover. A brush for use in removing silks is mounted on one side of the base, and a cutter is mounted on the other side. When it is desired to use the tool on one side instead of the other, the cover is placed over the other tool. The cover then is used as an easy-to-grip palm-fitting structure to push the brush or the cutter along the ear of corn.




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Identification tag with breakaway tool

An identification tag having one or more breakaway tools that may be utilized by uncoupling, or otherwise breaking the tool or tools away from the identification tag to expose a working edge or point for example. Generally includes identification information on the tag along with one or more relatively flat tool including but not limited to one or more knives, saws, screwdrivers, pry bars, can openers, bottle openers, chisels, awls, ice picks, sharpeners or any other relatively flat tool with a working edge or point or any combination thereof.




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Locknut wrench, leveling device and screwdriver combination tool

A combination tool of the locknut wrench type, which includes a leveling device and a screwdriver blade on the opposite end. The locknut head and screwdriver ends may be interchanged depending on the size locknut wrench needed and the type of screwdriver needed.




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Combination five gallon bucket opener and method

A combination five gallon bucket opener, includes a handle portion and a head portion, a first opener feature located in the head portion, the first opener feature having a plurality of engaging members and a bearing surface, at least one of the engaging members configured to receive a tab of a lid, at least one of the engaging members configured to engage a top surface of the lid, and a second opener feature located in the head portion, the second opener feature having at least one extended member configured to receive a cap, the at least one extended member having at least one feature defined therein to engage a corresponding feature on the cap.




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Combination axe, sledge hammer and pick

A combination axe, sledge hammer and pick (CASHP) that is particularly designed for use by firefighters. The CASHP includes a front end and a rear end. The front end has an upper section that functions as an axe blade and the lower section functions as a sledge hammer. The rear section includes a pick that can be utilized for a variety of functions. By incorporating three tools in a single structure the weight that a firefighter carries is lessened. Thus, reducing fatigue and the time that is required to cut through an obstruction to reach fire victims.




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Tool with variable functions for casino operations

A hand held variable tool for use in casino operations that has optional functions of, at least, (i) a small tip writing instrument such as a pencil or pen, (ii) a large tip writing instrument such as a marker, and (iii) a cutting or scoring tool, such as a sharp-tipped needle or nail to aid in “scoring” and opening the cellophane around a new deck of playing cards. The tool can be clipped to the badge of a user for ease of transport while not in use.




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Snow removal apparatus and related methods

An exemplary aspect comprises an apparatus comprising: a brush component comprising a handle on a first end of a shaft and a brush on a second end of the shaft; and a shovel component removably connected to the brush component; wherein the brush is at least partially enclosed within the shovel component when the shovel component is connected to the brush component, and wherein the brush is exposed when the shovel component is disconnected from the brush component.




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Folding knife having seat belt cutter on blade tang

The present invention relates to embodiments of a folding knife having a seat belt cutter on the blade tang. In one embodiment, a folding knife comprises a handle and a knife blade. The knife blade comprises a tang pivotably connected to the handle, and the blade is operable to pivot relative to the handle about a pivot axis extending through the tang between a closed position and an open position. The tang comprises an enlarged tang portion that extends outwardly from the handle when the blade is in the closed position, and the enlarged tang portion comprises a cutting portion.




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Combination flatware set




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ENHANCED BARRIER FILMS COMBINING VAPOR DEPOSITED COATINGS AND POLYMER BASED COATINGS

The invention concerns barrier films comprising: (i) a substrate comprising at least first and second coatings on the substrate; (ii) the first coating comprising an inorganic oxide, metal oxide or metallic coating; and (iii) the second coating capable of adhering to the substrates, wherein the second coating is polymeric; wherein the degradation of oxygen transmission rate is reduced when compared to a barrier film without the second coating when the barrier film is subjected to Gelbo-type flexing as described in ASTM F392.




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AMINO-CONTAINING SILICA PARTICLE, COMPOSITION FOR FORMING POLYIMIDE AEROGEL, POLYIMIDE AEROGEL AND METHOD OF FABRICATING THE SAME, POLYIMIDE AEROGEL-CONTAINING COMPOSITE MATERIAL

An amino-containing silica particle is provided. The amino-containing silica particle is obtained by hydrolysis-condensation reaction of an alkoxy silane represented by formula (I), an alkoxy silane represented by formula (II) and a catalyst: Si(OR1)4 formula (I) (NH2—Y)m—Si(OR2)4-m formula (II) wherein in formula (I), R1 is a C1-C10 alkyl group, and in formula (II), Y is a C1-C10 alkyl group or a C2-C10 alkenyl group, R2 is a C1-C10 alkyl group, and m is an integer of 1 to 3.




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HARDCOAT FILM, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING HARDCOAT FILM, POLARIZING PLATE, AND LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY DEVICE

Provided is a hardcoat film having a film thickness of 25 μm or less in which a polymerized substance of a compound having an energy ray-curable group and a resin are mixed across an entire region in a film thickness direction, in which a percentage of a mass concentration of the resin which is represented by the Expression (1) as defined herein has a distribution in which the percentage is maximized on at least one of two opposed surfaces, in the film thickness direction, of the hardcoat film or at a central part, in the film thickness direction, of the hardcoat film.




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POWDER COATINGS

At least a two-layer protective coating system including: (a) a layer of a fusion bonded epoxy, and (b) a layer of a spray-dried protective powder coating disposed on at least a portion of the top surface of the fusion bonded epoxy layer (a), said powder coating being cured to form a protective coating on at least a portion of the fusion bonded epoxy layer; a process for preparing the above two-layer protective coating system; a substrate such as a metal pipe coated with the above two-layer protective coating system; and a process for producing a coated article such as a coated metal pipe using the above two-layer protective coating system.




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METHOD FOR PROTECTING ARTICLE FROM SULFATE CORROSION AND ARTICLE WITH IMPROVED RESISTANCE TO SULFATE CORROSION

A method for protecting a surface of an article from sulfate corrosion resulting from exposure to a sulfate containing material at an elevated temperature includes coating the surface with a nickel based material to form an anti-corrosion coating. The nickel based material includes NiO, a spinel of formulation AB2O4, or a combination thereof, wherein A includes nickel, and B includes iron or a combination of manganese and a B site dopant.




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CONDUCTIVE ROLLER COATING COMPOSITION, AND DEVELOPING ROLLER AND IMAGE FORMATION DEVICE USING SAME

Provided is a conductive roller coating composition which can reduce degradation of toner during durable printing when used for a developing roller, and a developing roller and image formation device using the same. In a conductive roller coating composition containing a resin component including a polyol and an isocyanate, and microparticles, a Tg of the microparticles is −13° C. or less. In a developing roller including: a shaft 1; and an elastic layer 2 supported on an outer periphery of the shaft 1, an outer periphery of the elastic layer 2 is coated with the conductive roller coating composition.




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CURABLE COMPOSITION, LAMINATE, AND AUTOMOBILE HEADLAMP LENS

Provided are: a curable composition that makes it possible to form a cured film having excellent wear resistance and weather resistance; a laminate that is provided with the cured film; and an automobile headlamp lens. The curable composition makes it possible to obtain a cured film in which the relationship between a haze value (ΔHx) that is obtained by a wear resistance test and a haze value (ΔHy) that is obtained by a weather resistance test satisfies ΔHy≦−0.3 ΔHx+5.0 when a cured film having a thickness of 10 μm is produced.




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METHOD FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF A FORMULATION AND FORMULATION

Method for the manufacture of a formulation comprising the steps of: i) providing a metal in liquid form; ii) spraying the metal or metal alloy of step i) through a stream of gas under pressure to obtain substantially spherical solid metal particles; iii) mixing the solid metal particles of step ii) and at least a fluoropolymer to obtain said formulation; iv) optionally applying the formulation of step iii) to a surface to obtain a coating, or optionally shaping said formulation to obtain a shaped material. The present invention further relates to a formulation, a coating or a shaped material, preferably obtained through the method described.




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ANCHOR LAYER FORMATION COMPOSITION, ANCHOR LAYER, OPTICAL FILM PROVIDED WITH ADHESIVE LAYER, AND IMAGE DISPLAY DEVICE

An anchor layer formation composition, a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer-attached optical film, and an image display device are provided, in which the composition includes an oxazoline group-containing polymer and an ionic compound including a cation component and a sulfonyl group-containing anion component and is capable of forming an anchor layer that can improve the adhesion between a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer and an optical film when interposed therebetween, the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer-attached optical film has high durability and good reworkability and allows the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer to resist chipping, and the image display device has the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer-attached optical film.




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AROMATIC PRINTED OBJECT AND MANUFACTURE METHOD FOR THE SAME

An aromatic printed object containing a film-like substrate and a printing section formed on the film-like substrate using a perfume microcapsule-containing toner. The aromatic printed object is an adhesive sheet wherein the printing section is adherend surface. A protective layer is pressed with the adherend surface. A fragrance diverges by peeling off the protective layer of the film-like substrates.




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THERMAL SPRAY COATINGS ONTO NON-SMOOTH SURFACES

This invention relates to thermal spray coatings and processes onto non-smooth surfaces. The coating and processes can coat non-smooth surfaces without substantial degradation of the underlying surface texture or profile of the non-smooth surfaces so as to sufficiently preserve the underlying surface texture or profile. The ability for coating fractional coverage to maintain the surface profile while maintaining wear resistance is unprecedented by conventional thermal spray processes




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ULTRALIGHT ROBUST PLATE MATERIALS

A nanoscale plate structure includes base plates and rib plates with nanoscale thickness and macroscopic lateral dimensions. The base plate resides in the first plane, the ribs can reside out-of-plane and form at least one strengthening rib, and additional base plates can reside in planes parallel to the first plane. The strengthening rib can be patterned such that there is no straight line path extending through a lateral dimension of the plate structure that does not intersect the at least one base plate and the at least one strengthening rib. The plates and ribs used in the structure have a thickness between about 1 nm and about 100 nm. The plate structures can be fabricated using a conformal deposition method including atomic layer deposition.




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ELASTOMERIC COATING ON A SURFACE

An example composite material composed of a metal or multilayered metal substrate onto which an elastomer or elastomeric mixture is positioned by electrophoretic disposition. The elastomer or elastomeric mixture forms a flexible non-rigid elastomeric coating, which imparts a soft touch tactile feeling to the metal base substrate.




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LANTHANUM MOLYBDATE ABRADABLE COATINGS, THEIR METHODS OF FORMATION AND USE

A coated substrate is provided that can include a substrate defining a surface, and an abradable coating on the surface of the substrate. The abradable coating can comprise La2-xAxMo2-y-y' WyBy'O9-δ forming a crystalline structure, where A comprises Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Cu, Bi, Cd, Zn, Ag, Au, Pt, Ir, Rh, Ru, Pd, or combinations thereof; 0




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METHOD FOR FORMING ORGANIC COATING ON COPPER SURFACE

A method for selective deposition of an organic solderability preservative coating on a copper surface of an article is disclosed. The method includes two steps of organic coatings by two solutions; the first step contains contacting the copper surface with a first solution including azole compound and the second step contains contacting the copper surface treated by the first solution with a second solution including a specific pyrazine derived compound.




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DUAL-TERMINATED POLYAMIDE FOR HIGH SPEED SPINNING APPLICATION

Methods of producing a polyamide filaments and fibers are provided. The methods include providing a dual-terminated polyamide and spinning the dual-terminated polyamide at a speed of 3500 m/min to 8000 m/min to form a fiber. In one embodiment, the polyamide has an amine endgroup concentration of 25 mmol/kg to 40 mmol/kg and a carboxyl endgroup concentration of 18 mmol/kg to 50 mmol/kg. Fibers and yarns comprising polyamide filaments and fibers formed from the method are also disclosed.