Millions of people head to federal lands every year for recreation—891 million visits in 2016 alone. These visits have significant economic implications, not only for restaurants, resorts, outfitters, and other businesses near recreation sites, but also for the people actually participating in outdoor recreation.

Accurate measurements of natural resources are a prerequisite for resource assessment. Demetrios Gatziolis, a scientist with the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, and his colleagues with Washington State University developed and tested protocols for using structure-from-motion photogrammetry to obtain data that can be used to construct 3-dimensional (3-D) representations of trees, other vegetation, and down wood. This type of photogrammetry is a remote-sensing technique based on a sequence of digital images or video footage. Gatziolis and his colleagues focused on developing protocols for using it under the forest canopy. Their method can serve as a guide for others interested in obtaining inexpensive, precise 3-D data of trees in field plots. The researchers continue to perfect the technology so it can be reliably deployed by field crews with a minimal amount of training.

Diameter growth is seasonal in Douglas-fir, the evergreen tree found in much of western Washington, Oregon, and northern California. Initiation and cessation of diameter growth are both triggered by environmental cues. The tree responds to these cues to improve its chances of growing under favorable conditions. As environmental conditions change, however, land managers want to know how warmer summers and falls may affect diameter growth in Douglas-fir.

Principal findings of the National Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) study are presented in an annotated bibliography and summarized in tabular form by site, discipline (ecosystem component), treatment type, and major theme. Composed of 12 sites, the FFS is a comprehensive multidisciplinary experiment designed to evaluate the costs and ecological consequences of alternative fuel reduction treatments in seasonally dry forests of the United States. The FFS has a common experimental design across the 12-site network, with each site a fully replicated experiment that compares four treatments: prescribed fi re, mechanical treatments, mechanical + prescribed fire, and an unmanipulated control. We measured treatment cost and variables within several components of the ecosystem, including vegetation, the fuel bed, soils, bark beetles, tree diseases, and wildlife in the same 10-ha experimental units. This design allowed us to assemble a fairly comprehensive picture of ecosystem response to treatment at the site scale, and to compare treatment response across a wide variety of conditions.

The Malheur model for fire-caused delayed mortality is presented as an easily interpreted graph (mortality-probability calculator) as part of a one-page field guide that allows the user to determine postfire probability of mortality for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.).

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P) is the dominant forest cover type in interior Alaska and is prone to frequent, stand-replacing wildfires.

Old-growth forests provide unique habitat features and landscape functions compared to younger stands. The goals of many forest management plans in the Pacific Northwest include increasing the area of late-successional and old-growth forests.

We used two data sets to evaluate stream and watershed condition for sixth-field watersheds in each aquatic province within the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) area: stream data and upslope data. The stream evaluation was based on inchannel data (e.g., substrate, pieces of large wood, water temperature, pool frequency, and macroinvertebrates) we sampled from 2002 to 2009 (193 watersheds) as part of a repeating sample design. We just completed our first round of sampling, so only current condition was calculated for this data set. When condition scores for the inchannel data were grouped into categories, relatively few fell into the low (10 percent) and very low (1 percent) categories. The majority of inchannel attribute scores fell into the moderate (35 percent) and high (41 percent) condition ranges, with relatively few (12 percent) in the very high category. For low-scoring watersheds, water temperature was often the most influential factor. Aquatic invertebrate scores also appeared influential in producing the low scores.

We describe a food-based system for quantitatively evaluating habitat quality for deer called the Forage Resource Evaluation System for Habitat and provide its rationale and suggestions for use. The system was developed as a tool for wildlife biologists and other natural resource managers and planners interested in evaluating habitat quality and, especially, comparing two or more patches of habitat or the same patch at different seasons or under different conditions. It is based on the quantity (of biomass) and quality (digestible energy and digestible protein) of the habitat's food resources in relation to user-specified metabolic requirements of deer (which differ with species, age, sex, season, and reproductive status). It uses a linear programming algorithm to determine the suitable forage that can sustain deer at the specified requirements.

Tree Frog menu revised to have scrolling sub menu lists to save space.

A set of 7 variations on the 3 column equal height theme. All full width with header and footer, a mixture of fixed and percentage column widths and no images.

A centered dropdown menu, using the latest centering technique, with flyout images

A second version of the tabbed pages with a default page open on entry.

A click version of the Light Box for all browsers except Safari and Chrome

A dropline menu which uses sliding doors tabs for the top level and a horizontal scrolling dropline which has images and caption.

A CSS only method of hovering over a horizontal menu link to change the whole menu background image.

A simplified method of producing a centered dropdown and flyout menu with variable widths depending on text content.

A flyout version of the 'any width' dropdown menu.

A restyled version that allows dropdowns and flyouts to the left and right. Centered top level list and different color sub levels. Even works in IE5.5.

The fourth in the skeleton menu series restyled to use recent developments to make it work in all versions if IE from IE5.5 to IE8.

A second 'any width' flyout menu, this time with an over run area and gapping between menu items.

A dropdown menu that uses a table to hold the dropdown information.

After much searching of the web and with the arrival of IE8, I now have a method of positioning horizontal menus of unknown width left / center / right in the containing element.

A dropdown menu with any width sub menus and the option of left or right dropdown/flyouts.

A single level dropdown menu with multi-columns, headings and curved corners using sliding doors techniques for the dropdowns.

A single level dropdown anywidth menu with dropdown that are centered beneath the top level links.

A dropline anywidth menu with droplines that are centered beneath the top level links which are also centered.

A multi level dropdown flyout anywidth menu with dropdown and flyouts that are centered beneath the top level links, with the ability to have a left or right flyout.

A droplist menu with method of setting the number of columns in each list and the option of a full width bottom bar for extra linking.

A version of my mini tabbed pages with the ability to have a tab open on page entry.

As promised, the previous filmstrip gallery rotated into a vertical format with a few enhancements.

Another version of the CSS only fisheye menu, this time with expanding images and associated text.

Afer all this time there is finally a dropdown menu that doesn't use javascript, table, conditional comments, hacks, extra markup and works in all the major browsers including IE6.

A definition list menu using the new menu system to simplify the styling

A horizontal pullup menu to continue with this series, again with no hacks, table, conditional comments or javascript.

For those who prefer nested unordered lists for their menus, again with no hacks, table, conditional comments or javascript.

A zoom icon with a popup sub menu in a speech bubble.

It is now possible to use ttf fonts in your web pages. There are now 5 browsers that support @font-face

A dropdown menu using top level png images with the submenu used for image information.

Using the no hacks dropdown system and a little extra styling to produce a dropdown button menu with highlight on hover.

Using CSS3 styles to produce buttons without graphics and no extra markup.

Using CSS3 selectors to animate a series of static images.

Using CSS3 transitions to produce a smooth zoom on hover icon menu.

A CSS answer to the javascrpt drill-down menus.

Another menu using the float/drop technique using total background images with hover change and breadcrumb trail.

A flyline / dropdown menu with CSS3 enhancements for browsers that support animation.

A slide out menu with CSS3 enhancements for browsers that support animation.

A series of three galleries using timeAction for IE7 and IE8 only.

Using CSS3 to produce an animated sliding dropdown flyout menu.

A CSS only answer to javascript/jQuery pull-down information panels (version 2).