The Indiana state teachers' union is pushing to protect student and staff safety during active-shooter trainings.

In a small region of Vermont, a fierce debate raged over consolidating five tiny school districts into one.

State Education Secretary Rebecca Holcombe has been officiating over the state's politically thorny district consolidation process, and many are asking for it to be placed on hold until the state board replaces her.

Wyoming once again takes the top spot in Quality Counts' annual ranking of the states on school finance, while 22 states receive grades between C-minus and D-minus.

The rocky shift to remote learning has exacerbated inequities for the nation's 5 million English-learners. An army of multilingual liaisons work round the clock to plug widening gaps.

The Montreal Canadiens are not the only team in the midst of a rebuild and it's not easy for anybody, especially not for Craig Conroy who's at the helm of the Calgary Flames and will be down a first-round pick at the next draft.

Sabres coach Lindy Ruff provided a concerning update about Ukko-Pekka Luukkonen following the game.

Knight receives a more traditional start, at home, with days off ahead of the game

The Oilers look to claw themselves up above .500 against the team that started their memorable turnaround last season.

Members of 30 different state and national advocacy groups and unions are meeting in Washington, D.C., for the Grassroots Assembly for Child Care and Early Education.

Nothing has changed at the top of the second 2024 College Football Playoff rankings.

The second College Football Playoff poll of the 2024 season was released Tuesday. Check out the Top 25 and where Tennessee ranks.

After Lane Kiffin's Ole Miss football team beat Georgia, the Rebels moved up in the latest College Football Playoff rankings released Tuesday night.

The College Football Playoff selection committee released its second top-25 rankings of the season ahead of the first 12-team playoff, and unsurprisingly, the Oregon Ducks are still the No. 1 team. Of course, there are still many game

The second College Football Playoff rankings dropped on Tuesday night with Oregon retaining its status as the No. 1 team in the country ahead of No. 2 Ohio State and No. 3 Texas. College Football Playoff:

Nov. 12—PULLMAN — After two rounds of rankings, Washington State is still on the outside looking in on the College Football Playoff. That's the word from the second round of CFP rankings, which placed WSU at No. 18 in Tuesday's reveal show on ESPN, up three spots from last week. The Cougars (8-1) are six spots out of the 12-team field, which is expanding for the first time this season. New ...

The second College Football Playoff Top 25 rankings were revealed on Tuesday and the now-7-2

Army moved up in the College Football Playoff rankings but new entry Tulane may challenge for hosting a potential conference title game.

There was some dramatic movement in the second College Football Playoff rankings. Here's who got slighted.

From time to time, but not very often, former special-teams coordinators become NFL head coaches.

Caroline Fenton & Jason Fitz react to the second edition of the 2024 College Football Playoff Rankings, discuss Heisman pretenders vs. contenders and preview the biggest matchups of Week 12.

Many schools that have recently opened their doors are already seeing COVID-19 cases among students and staff. Should that shake the confidence of other school leaders who are planning to reopen?

Academic and health offerings have increased in McDowell County, W.Va., due to a private-public partnership.

The West Virginia Senate trimmed the proposed pay raise for teachers from 5 percent to 4 percent, prompting union officials to declare that the strike will continue indefinitely.

The switch to remote learning in rural New Mexico has left some students profoundly isolated—cut off from others and the grid by sheer distance.

If an opponent isn't contending for an ACC or national championship, Notre Dame is likely to run it out of the gym. That's exactly what happened during the Irish's first road game of the season against Purdue. Much like with the football team less than two months earlier,…

Nov. 10—STORRS — Paige Bueckers headed to the bench for her first break of the game just 35 seconds before halftime Sunday at sold-out Gampel Pavilion. Judging by the way the UConn star almost effortlessly dominated play, Bueckers still looked fairly fresh. She already had piled up 19 points. Then again, South Florida certainly must have been tired of watching Bueckers score in a variety of ...

Wisconsin's Ronnie Porter established a new scoring high and Serah Williams and Carter McCray posted double-doubles in win over Georgetown Sunday.

Players and coaches said they had a good time playing in the Queen City.

UConn women’s basketball freshman Sarah Strong earned the first Big East Freshman of the Week honors of her career on Monday after a pair of impressive performances in the Huskies’ Week 1 wins. Strong was the No. 1 recruit in the Class of 2024 and lived up to her elite billing with a game-high 17 points in her college debut against Boston University on Thursday. She also led the team with six ...

Five-star wing Deniya Prawl has committed to Lady Vols basketball, marking a significant recruiting win in Kim Caldwell's first year at Tennessee.

Onward State published a story this week that contained on-the-record comments from former Marquette players about Carolyn Kieger's coaching style.

Bruce S. McEwen
Jan 2, 2020; 40:12-21
Viewpoints

Hannah Grotzinger
May 29, 2024; 44:e1856232024-e1856232024
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Gijs Joost Brouwer
Nov 4, 2009; 29:13992-14003
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Jordan A. Taylor
Feb 19, 2014; 34:3023-3032
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Shiaoching Gong
Sep 12, 2007; 27:9817-9823
Toolbox

Martijn P. van den Heuvel
Nov 2, 2011; 31:15775-15786
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Matthew F. Glasser
Aug 10, 2011; 31:11597-11616
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

As evidence mounts that the cardiac-sympathetic nervous system reacts to challenging cognitive settings, we ask if these responses are epiphenomenal companions or if there is evidence suggesting a more intertwined role of this system with cognitive function. Healthy male and female human participants performed an approach-avoidance paradigm, trading off monetary reward for painful electric shock, while we recorded simultaneous electroencephalographic and cardiac-sympathetic signals. Participants were reward sensitive but also experienced approach-avoidance "conflict" when the subjective appeal of the reward was near equivalent to the revulsion of the cost. Drift-diffusion model parameters suggested that participants managed conflict in part by integrating larger volumes of evidence into choices (wider decision boundaries). Late alpha-band (neural) dynamics were consistent with widening decision boundaries serving to combat reward sensitivity and spread attention more fairly to all dimensions of available information. Independently, wider boundaries were also associated with cardiac "contractility" (an index of sympathetically mediated positive inotropy). We also saw evidence of conflict-specific "collaboration" between the neural and cardiac-sympathetic signals. In states of high conflict, the alignment (i.e., product) of alpha dynamics and contractility were associated with a further widening of the boundary, independent of either signal's singular association. Cross-trial coherence analyses provided additional evidence that the autonomic systems controlling cardiac-sympathetics might influence the assessment of information streams during conflict by disrupting or overriding reward processing. We conclude that cardiac-sympathetic control might play a critical role, in collaboration with cognitive processes, during the approach-avoidance conflict in humans.

Abnormal neuronal morphological features, such as dendrite branching, axonal branching, and spine density, are thought to contribute to the symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, the role and molecular mechanisms of aberrant neuronal morphology in the regulation of mood disorders remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that neuritin, an activity-dependent protein, regulates the axonal morphology of serotonin neurons. Male neuritin knock-out (KO) mice harbored impaired axonal branches of serotonin neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral region of the amygdala (BLA), and male neuritin KO mice exhibited depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. We also observed that the expression of neuritin was decreased by unpredictable chronic stress in the male mouse brain and that decreased expression of neuritin was associated with reduced axonal branching of serotonin neurons in the brain and with depressive and anxiety behaviors in mice. Furthermore, the stress-mediated impairments in axonal branching and depressive behaviors were reversed by the overexpression of neuritin in the BLA. The ability of neuritin to increase axonal branching in serotonin neurons involves fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, and neuritin contributes to FGF-2-mediated axonal branching regulation in vitro. Finally, the oral administration of an FGF inhibitor reduced the axonal branching of serotonin neurons in the brain and caused depressive and anxiety behaviors in male mice. Our results support the involvement of neuritin in models of stress-induced depression and suggest that neuronal morphological plasticity may play a role in controlling animal behavior.

Neural decoding is a tool for understanding how activities from a population of neurons inside the brain relate to the outside world and for engineering applications such as brain–machine interfaces. However, neural decoding studies mainly focused on different decoding algorithms rather than different neuron types which could use different coding strategies. In this study, we used two-photon calcium imaging to assess three auditory spatial decoders (space map, opponent channel, and population pattern) in excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the dorsal inferior colliculus of male and female mice. Our findings revealed a clustering of excitatory neurons that prefer similar interaural level difference (ILD), the primary spatial cues in mice, while inhibitory neurons showed random local ILD organization. We found that inhibitory neurons displayed lower decoding variability under the opponent channel decoder, while excitatory neurons achieved higher decoding accuracy under the space map and population pattern decoders. Further analysis revealed that the inhibitory neurons’ preference for ILD off the midline and the excitatory neurons’ heterogeneous ILD tuning account for their decoding differences. Additionally, we discovered a sharper ILD tuning in the inhibitory neurons. Our computational model, linking this to increased presynaptic inhibitory inputs, was corroborated using monaural and binaural stimuli. Overall, this study provides experimental and computational insight into how excitatory and inhibitory neurons uniquely contribute to the coding of sound locations.