The activation of autonomic and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) systems occurs interdependently with behavioral adjustments under varying environmental demands. Nevertheless, laboratory rodent studies examining the neural bases of stress responses have generally attributed increments in these systems to be monolithic, regardless of whether an active or passive coping strategy is employed. Using the shock probe defensive burying test (SPDB) to measure stress-coping features naturalistically in male and female rats, we identify a neural pathway whereby activity changes may promote distinctive response patterns of hemodynamic and HPA indices typifying active and passive coping phenotypes. Optogenetic excitation of the rostral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) input to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) decreased passive behavior (immobility), attenuated the glucocorticoid hormone response, but did not prevent arterial pressure and heart rate increases associated with rats’ active behavioral (defensive burying) engagement during the SPDB. In contrast, inhibition of the same pathway increased behavioral immobility and attenuated hemodynamic output but did not affect glucocorticoid increases. Further analyses confirmed that hemodynamic increments occurred preferentially during active behaviors and decrements during immobility epochs, whereas pathway manipulations, regardless of the directionality of effect, weakened these correlational relationships. Finally, neuroanatomical evidence indicated that the influence of the rostral mPFC->vlPAG pathway on coping response patterns is mediated predominantly through GABAergic neurons within vlPAG. These data highlight the importance of this prefrontal->midbrain connection in organizing stress-coping responses and in coordinating bodily systems with behavioral output for adaptation to aversive experiences.

Peripheral taste neurons exhibit functional, genetic, and morphological diversity, yet understanding how or if these attributes combine into taste neuron types remains unclear. In this study, we used male and female mice to relate taste bud innervation patterns to the function of a subset of proenkephalin-expressing (Penk+) taste neurons. We found that taste arbors (the portion of the axon within the taste bud) stemming from Penk+ neurons displayed diverse branching patterns and lacked stereotypical endings. The range in complexity observed for individual taste arbors from Penk+ neurons mirrored the entire population, suggesting that taste arbor morphologies are not primarily regulated by the neuron type. Notably, the distinguishing feature of arbors from Penk+ neurons was their propensity to come within 110 nm (in apposition with) different types of taste-transducing cells within the taste bud. This finding is contrary to the expectation of genetically defined taste neuron types that functionally represent a single stimulus. Consistently, further investigation of Penk+ neuron function revealed that they are more likely to respond to innately aversive stimuli—sour, bitter, and high salt concentrations—as compared with the full taste population. Penk+ neurons are less likely to respond to nonaversive stimuli—sucrose, umami, and low salt—compared with the full population. Our data support the presence of a genetically defined neuron type in the geniculate ganglion that is responsive to innately aversive stimuli. This implies that genetic expression might categorize peripheral taste neurons into hedonic groups, rather than simply identifying neurons that respond to a single stimulus.

OM SportsLink ministers to young boys in Mamelodi, the largest township of Pretoria, South Africa, every Friday.

On 23 January 2015, OM South Africa celebrated Pranesh Anandlal’s leadership as director since 2008 and welcomed his successor, Andrè van der Bergh.

Australian outreach participant Kathryn Jenkin testifies to how God used her prayers while on outreach in Lesotho.

OMer Jan Willem Otten uses basketball as a way to keep kids off the streets and put them in touch with the gospel

OM South Africa SportsLink team enjoys a day of ministry with kids in a development centre.

OM Philippines will host three training sessions this month in an effort to see sustainable, transformational and developmental ministries grow in Cebu City.

Students from OM Philippines-Cebu's Alternative Learning System bring children joy through a Christmas party, following the trauma caused by Bohol earthquake and Typhoon Haiyan.

Subic Bay, Philippines :: Logos Hope’s Official Opening in Subic Bay is blessed by the attendance of pastors who have stood with the ship’s ministry since its first visit.

God answers two specific prayers during an outreach in Mozambique.

Long-termers in Turkey get an unexpected opportunity to share the gospel while also representing the Turkish Post Office!

Two OM workers share the gospel while riding on buses in Turkey.

No known believers from a Muslim background existed in Turkey when the first two OMers arrived in 1961. Now, nearly half of the 7,000 believers there can trace their journey through the Bible Correspondence Course.

OM teams are supporting Turkish churches as they respond to the changing situation in Turkey.

Art ministry is a thriving field as missionaries around the globe find innovative ways to captivate people with Christ.

The Turning Point Community Encounter team in northwest London learns to share Christ’s love with people from a Muslim background.

Mwando village along the shores of Lake Tanganyika didn't have a church, but they did have an interest in sports.

AIDSLink is opening a new care centre in Zambia to teach people living with HIV and AIDS to care for themselves and others.

A story how an Asian sister found her way to a local church service in Greece.

Relationships form and opportunities to share Christ follow as OM workers minister to those seeking refuge in Athens and beyond.

Since 2007, the Bus4Life has visited 150 locations, welcomed 10,000 visitors and touched many lives, including one Romanian teen who comes back to God.

Believers bring a positive identity message to teenage girls living in a remote village.

Workers with support roles in OM's Near East Field -Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Iraq - find opportunities to engage locals and share truth with friends.

Amidst ongoing unrest, OM supports IDP communities by sponsoring food distribution through local partners.

Two workers share their motivation to keep going when they encounter disappointments in ministry.

A children’s music programme helps Syrian mothers identify their skills and how to use them for Christ, even before they become believers.

A Transform 2013 outreach team in Vasto, Italy, uses samba music and sports to connect with children.

A new OM Italy team member participates in an English Scout Camp, which brings the Gospel to children and gives her new cultural insight.

In January 2013, OM Norway and Norwegian Naval Training Agency agreed on internship programme for deckhands and motormen on board MV Logos Hope.

OM Spain's traveling team is back at base after nearly two months on the road visiting and serving in various churches.

Slobodan never thought he could be free, but Jesus gave him a new start. Now Slobodan urges Roma in Croatia and Serbia that there is a better way.

A Muslim man sees God answer prayers, receives a New Testament and then searches for more.

A family in need receives free firewood and, for the first time, understands that God is bigger than their needs.

Over 2,000 people in San Salvador experienced Soyafest 2012, an event organised by a local church and OM El Salvador to entertain and share Christ.

In postmodern Finland, an international church in Helsinki preaches God’s Word as it is and challenges its congregation to ‘get into the Bible’ daily.

“I am more excited about God now,” says one young Swiss lady after three months working alongside OM Finland to reach youth in Tampere.

Bus4Life ministers in Central and Eastern Europe, bringing hope and Christian literature to the region's widespread towns and villages. During the spring and early summer of 2018, Bus4Life visited Hungary, Moldova, and Ukraine.

Three hundred people interested in sports ministry gathered in Ecuador in April for a forum organised by the Coalición Internacional del Deporte.

Footage released by the Phoenix Police Department shows officers rescuing a man from a car submerged in a swimming pool. The man told authorities that he accidentally stepped on the gas pedal too hard

A woman has been arrested after leaving her son unattended along a road, allowing him to run off in the night following a tantrum and falsely reporting a kidnapping.

Years of consistent Christ-centred community allow an OM worker to develop friendships with Pakistani women and study the Bible with them.

For a young family in Belgium Easter provided a great opportunity to invite neighbours to church.

If this isn't real yet, surely it soon will be...

Podcasts are looking like an increasingly viable channel to engage with customers

The CEO and cofounder defines adaptive messaging and shares the number one mistake marketers make when it comes to thinking about this concept. Plus, hear how Mary Poppins inspired his company's name

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