ac

ETSI Multi-access Edge Computing Consolidates Phase 3 Work

Leading to more effective and fruitful cross organization collaboration

Sophia Antipolis, 14 February 2023

In the last three months, ETSI ISG MEC has released its final Phase 2 specification (GS MEC 015, on Traffic Management APIs) and made significant progress on Phase 3 with the release of a number of important specifications, including the MEC Federation Enablement APIs (GS MEC 040): in particular, this specification is critical for supporting the requirements received from GSMA OPG (Operator Platform Group) to enable inter-MEC system communication and allow 5G operators to collaborate among themselves, with service cloud providers and with other stakeholders. 

Read More...




ac

ETSI releases first use cases for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

Sophia Antipolis, 16 May 2023

ETSI is pleased to announce the release of the first Group Report developed by its Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Industry Specification Group. The ETSI Report ETSI GR RIS-001 identifies and defines relevant RIS use cases, with corresponding general Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). It also describes deployment scenarios as well as potential requirements for each identified use case, to enable interoperability with existing and upcoming wireless technologies and networks.

Read More...




ac

ETSI IoT conference: standards are key to achieving green and digital transformation

Sophia Antipolis, 7 July 2023

The new edition of the ETSI IoT Conference, IoT Technologies for Green and Digital Transformation, ended on 6 July, highlighting through use cases and demonstrations how IoT standards can be real enablers in achieving the green and digital transformation. The programme is available here and the very stimulating presentations from our 54 international speakers are available here.

Read More...




ac

ETSI Reaches F5G Release 2 Milestone, Boosting Fixed Networks

Sophia Antipolis, 28 August 2023

ETSI is pleased to announce the completion of its Release 2 specifications on Fifth Generation Fixed Network (F5G). Building upon the accomplishments of Release 1, the ETSI F5G group has introduced an array of additional features that bring fiber fixed networks into the next level.

Read More...




ac

Linux Foundation and ETSI Further Collaborate to Drive Harmonization Across Open Source and Open Standards

BILBAO, SpainOpen Source Summit Europe, 19 September 2023

The Linux Foundation, the nonprofit organization focused on fostering innovation through open source, and ETSI, the independent organization providing global standards for ICT services across all sectors of industry, today announced expanded collaboration. While the two organizations have been working together for years, the 2019 formal Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)  recently has been updated and expanded.

Read More...




ac

ETSI faced a cyberattack

Sophia Antipolis, 27 September 2023

Following a cyberattack observed on ETSI portal, the IT system dedicated to its members’ work, the ETSI IT team worked in close collaboration with the French National Cybersecurity Agency (ANSSI) to investigate and repair the information systems. The vulnerability on which the attack was based has been fixed.

Read More...




ac

ETSI’s Securing AI group becomes a Technical Committee to help ETSI to answer the EU AI Act

Sophia Antipolis, 17 October 2023

As the second term of the Industry Specification Group Securing AI (ISG SAI) is scheduled to conclude in Q4 2023, and in line with ETSI's commitment to AI and SAI, the group has suggested the closure of ISG SAI, with its activity transferred to  a new ETSI Technical Committee, TC SAI.

Read More...




ac

ETSI Multi-access Edge Computing completed Phase 3 Work and started Phase 4

Sophia Antipolis, 15 April 2024

ETSI Multi-access Edge Computing completed Phase 3 Work and started Phase 4

Leading to more effective and fruitful cross organization collaboration

In the last three months, ETSI ISG MEC has released its final set of Phase 3 specifications and made significant progress on Phase 4 with the opening of new Work Items. In particular, the last Phase 3 version of MEC 011 (Edge Platform Application Enablement) contains the updates related to the latest alignment with 3GPP on CAPIF, thanks to a fruitful collaboration with SA6, CT3 and SA3 groups. Also, ISG MEC produced an updated version of MEC 040 (Federation Enablement APIs), that carefully considered the relevant work of other industry bodies relating to MEC federation and all relevant work done in ETSI. This work is critical for supporting the requirements from GSMA OPG (Operator Platform Group) to enable inter-MEC system communication and allow 5G operators to collaborate among themselves, with service cloud providers and with other stakeholders. New APIs are introduced for the enablement of MEC federation, helping operators to "federate" edge computing resources by offering their MEC service capabilities for mutual consumption, application developers and end-customers (e.g. vertical markets).

Read More...




ac

Pigmentocracy

New essay by Trudier Harris added to Freedom's Story: Teaching African American Literature and History, TeacherServe from the National Humanities Center.




ac

Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs: American Slave Narrators

New essay by Lucinda MacKethan just added to Freedom's Story: Teaching African American Literature and History, TeacherServe from the National Humanities Center.




ac

Racial Uplift Ideology in the Era of the Negro Problem

New essay by Kevin K. Gaines, "Racial Uplift Ideology in the Era of the Negro Problem," added to Freedom's Story: Teaching African American Literature and History, TeacherServe from the National Humanities Center.




ac

The New Negro and the Black Image: From Booker T. Washington to Alain Locke

New essay, "The New Negro and the Black Image: From Booker T. Washington to Alain Locke," by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and the Director of the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research at Harvard University, added to Freedom's Story: Teaching African American Literature and History, TeacherServe from the National Humanities Center.




ac

Summary of Comments to CSA/CIRO Staff Notice 23-331 Request for Feedback on December 2022 SEC Market Structure Proposals and Potential Impact on Canadian Capital Markets

This document is only available in PDF format.




ac

OSC Staff Notice 11-737 (Revised) – Securities Advisory Committee – Vacancies

The Securities Advisory Committee (“SAC”) is a committee of industry experts established by the Commission to advise it and its staff on a variety of matters including policy initiatives and capital markets trends.




ac

CSA Staff Notice 51-365 Continuous Disclosure Review Program Activities for the Fiscal Years Ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023

This document is only available in PDF format.




ac

Accounting Manager

Job Summary:  The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) seeks an Accounting Manager for a two-year, renewable appointment to provide general accounting support in the Accounting Department. This position will report to the Controller and is based at IFPRI headquarters located in Washington, DC. Essential Duties: Specific duties and responsibilities include but are not limited to: Manage the daily accounting activities required to maintain the general ledger in compliance with financial policies and procedures. Supervise, direct, and review the work of the General Ledger, Accounts Payable and Payroll accountants. Manage and oversee in-house payroll processing and federal, state, and local tax filings in a timely manner.   Maintain organized set of detailed records and files to document and support financial transactions. Routinely analyze general ledger accounts to ensure accuracy and appropriate summaries of accounts detail is maintained.  Prepare and/or review general ledger bank account reconciliations and ensure reconciling items are cleared in a timely manner. Respond to inquiries and assist staff to resolve issues in a timely manner. Inform Controller of relevant issues regarding financial controls, accounting, and reporting. Recommendations improvements to accounting processes and procedures and assist with implementation as needed. Assist with internal and external audits.   Ensure field office transactions are recorded timely and accurately.  Serve as the point of contact for accounting matters for IFPRI’s field offices. Perform other duties as assigned or required.   Qualifications:  B.S. Degree in Accounting plus ten years of relevant work experience, a Masters Degree in Accounting plus seven years of relevant work experience, or equivalent experience At least two years as management experience  Experience using Deltek Costpoint 8.1 or higher preferable Knowledge of GAAP and USAID regulations Experience with basic grant/contract administration Proficiency with Microsoft Excel and Word Strong supervisory experience Detail oriented – strong analytical skills Ability to work independently and multi-task under tight deadlines in a fast-paced environment Excellent interpersonal skills with demonstrated ability to work in a multi-cultural environment Excellent written and verbal English communications skills Strong organizational skills with ability to prioritize work Physical Demand & Work environment: Employee will sit in an upright position for a long period of time.  Employee will lift between 0-10 pounds.  Employee is required to have close visual acuity to perform activities such as: preparing and analyzing data and figures; transcribing; viewing computer terminal; extensive reading. Salary Range: The expected salary range for this job requisition is between $85,600 - $104,900.  In determining your salary, we will consider your experience and other job-related factors.  Benefits IFPRI is committed to providing our staff members with valuable and competitive benefits, as it is a core part of providing a strong overall employee experience. This position is eligible for health insurance coverage and a  summary of our benefits can be found on our website . Please note that the listed benefits are generally available to active, non-temporary, full-time and part-time US based employees who work at least 25 hours per week.  The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an equal employment opportunity employer - F/M/Disability/Vet/Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity.




ac

Research Unit Contracts & Grants Manager I

The Development Strategies and Governance (DSG) Unit within the Transformation Strategies Department of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) seeks a Research Unit Contracts & Grants Manager I, who will be responsible for financial management which includes budgetary responsibilities, cost monitoring and control, and financial analysis and reporting, contracts administration which includes proposal preparation and submission and the administration of the Unit’s special projects. Other responsibilities include supervising Unit Admin Support staff, serving as liaison with finance and administration as well as the Director General’s office; drafting correspondence for the Unit director and communication with external contacts (donors, clients, collaborators, sub-contractors and auditors); and service as active member on various standing and ad-hoc committees, as well as work with Project Managers in management of budgets, contracts, deliverables, invoices and other payment documents. This position is a 2-year, renewable appointment based in Washington, DC.   Essential Duties: Specific duties and responsibilities include but are not limited to: Providing technical support in proposal preparation, reviewing contracts to ensure they reflect the provisions negotiated, and monitoring performance of contracts and submission of specified deliverables.  Drafting, negotiating and monitoring consultant collaborative agreements, serve as liaison between program collaborators and finance/administrative issues, review monthly financial reports, and provide financial analysis reports on projects.  Preparing the divisional budgets and monitoring expense budgets Coordinating the drafting of project/program budgets; review of accounting transactions.  Developing spreadsheets & maintaining financial information for planning & reference. Drafting routine correspondence regarding contracts or project/program finances. Assisting in financial audits Coordinating financial and operational activities for field offices Ensuring the smooth operation of the program’s day-to-day activities; coordinate seminars and workshops, manage logistical arrangements on seminars/workshops. Liaising with IFPRI HR Services, Facilities and IT department for related issues and needs. Preparing administrative and operational procedures for the division and approves timesheets Maintaining division files Supervising administrative support staff Other tasks as assigned. Required Qualifications:  Bachelor’s degree plus ten years of relevant experience, or associate’s degree plus twelve years of relevant experience.   Two year of management experience Experience in developing, monitoring and managing budgets and contracts. Experience in coordinating budget processes, reviewing accounting transactions, developing financial projections and reports. Solid composition, grammar and proof-reading skills, with the ability to compose correspondence and reports; excellent written and oral English communications skills. Proficient in Microsoft Office; word processing & spreadsheet programs required. Ability to handle multiple tasks & prioritize tasks with minimal supervision in a fast-paced environment. Demonstrated experience and comfort working with multiple program managers simultaneously.  Ability to prioritize and coordinate tasks in such an environment. Demonstrated flexibility to adjust to multiple individual work styles.  Attention to detail and ability to work within a team in a multicultural environment.   Preferred Qualifications: Familiarity with IFPRI’s operational systems (finance, accounting, etc.) and the CGIAR system is highly desirable.  Proficiency in a second language of the U.N. system Demonstrated proficiency with MS Office, especially Microsoft Word, Outlook, Excel, and PowerPoint required, and demonstrated proficiency with financial management and administrative software applications such as Costpoint, OnBase, Deltek, and/or other applications. Physical Demand & Work environment: Employee will sit in an upright position for a long period of time  Employee will lift between 0-10 pounds.  Employee is required to have close visual acuity to perform activities such as: preparing and analyzing data and figures; transcribing; viewing computer terminal; extensive reading. Salary Range: The expected salary range for this job requisition is between $85,600- $104,900. In determining your salary, we will consider your experience and other job-related factors.  Benefits: IFPRI is committed to providing our staff members with valuable and competitive benefits, as it is a core part of providing a strong overall employee experience. This position is eligible for health insurance coverage and a summary of our benefits can be found on our website. Please note that the listed benefits are generally available to active, non-temporary, full-time and part-time US-based employees who work at least 25 hours per week. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an equal employment opportunity employer - F/M/Disability/Vet/Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity.




ac

Staff Accountant II

Job Summary:  The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) seeks a Staff Accountant II for a two-year, renewable appointment to provide general accounting support in the Finance Department. This position will report to the Accounting Manager and is based at IFPRI Headquarters located in Washington, DC.   Essential Duties: Specific duties and responsibilities include but are not limited to: Assist in monthly and year end closing process. Prepare monthly journal entries and provide relevant supporting documentation. Prepare monthly account reconciliations as assigned and research and clear any transactional discrepancies.  Ensure field office expenditures are processed timely.  Review for compliance field office expenditure reports and documentation. Handle weekly cash deposit and process monthly deposit entry. Provide audit assistance in retrieving documents for auditors to review. Provide back up support when needed in processing accounts payable transactions, wire transfers, and payroll functions. Qualifications:  Bachelor’s degree in accounting, Finance or closely related field plus two years of relevant experience; or associate's degree plus five years of relevant experience. Strong attention to detail. Proficiency with Microsoft Excel. Strong analytical skills. Good oral and written communications skills. Demonstrated Ability to consistently process high volume of transactions. Preferred Qualification Deltek Costpoint Experience Physical Demand & Work environment: Employee will sit in an upright position for a long period of time.  Employee will lift between 0-10 pounds.  Employee is required to have close visual acuity to perform activities such as: preparing and analyzing data and figures; transcribing; viewing computer terminal; extensive reading. Salary Range: The expected salary range for this job requisition is between $55,600 - $68,100. In determining your salary, we will consider your experience and other job-related factors. Benefits: IFPRI is committed to providing our staff members with valuable and competitive benefits, as it is a core part of providing a strong overall employee experience. This position is eligible for health insurance coverage and a summary of our benefits can be found on our website. Please note that the listed benefits are generally available to active, non-temporary, full-time and part-time US-based employees who work at least 25 hours per week. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an equal employment opportunity employer - F/M/Disability/Vet/Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity.




ac

SpotOn London 2012 Storify: BrainSpace, a global interest graph for scientists

Here is a Storify summary of the SpotOn London session: BrainSpace, a global interest graph for




ac

Assessing social media impact – a workshop at ScienceOnline #scioimpact

Assessing social media impact was one of the workshop sessions at November’s SpotOn London conference,




ac

SpotOn London 2013 – draft programme: Tools track

This year, Digital Science are sponsoring the Tools track and we’re grateful to them for




ac

Agronomy & Policy Solutions for Implementation of the African Fertilizer and Soil Health Action Plan




ac

From Bugs to Breaches: 25 Significant CVEs As MITRE CVE Turns 25

Twenty five years after the launch of CVE, the Tenable Security Response Team has handpicked 25 vulnerabilities that stand out for their significance.

Background

In January 1999, David E. Mann and Steven M. Christey published the paper “Towards a Common Enumeration of Vulnerabilities” describing an effort to create interoperability between multiple vulnerability databases. To achieve a common taxonomy for vulnerabilities and exposures, they proposed Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE). In September 1999, the MITRE Corporation finalized the first CVE list, which included 321 records. CVE was revealed to the world the following month.

As of October 2024, there are over 240,000 CVEs. including many that have significantly impacted consumers, businesses and governments. The Tenable Security Response Team has chosen to highlight the following 25 significant vulnerabilities, followed by links to product coverage for Tenable customers to utilize.

25 Significant CVEs

CVE-1999-0211: SunOS Arbitrary Read/Write Vulnerability

Arbitrary ReadArbitrary WriteLocalCritical1999Why it’s significant: To our knowledge, there is no formally recognized “first CVE.” However, the GitHub repository for CVE.org shows that the first CVE submitted was CVE-1999-0211 on September 29, 1999 at 12:00AM. Because it was the first one, we’ve chosen to highlight it. The vulnerability was first identified in 1991 and a revised patch was issued in 1994.

CVE-2010-2568: Windows Shell Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Remote Code ExecutionExploitedZero-DayLocalStuxnetHigh2010Why it’s significant: Regarded as one of the most sophisticated cyberespionage tools ever created, Stuxnet was designed to target SCADA systems in industrial environments to reportedly sabotage Iran's nuclear program. Stuxnet exploited CVE-2010-2568 as one of its initial infection vectors, spreading via removable drives. Once a compromised USB drive was inserted into a system, Stuxnet was executed automatically via the vulnerability, infecting the host machine, propagating to other systems through network shares and additional USB drives.

CVE-2014-0160: OpenSSL Information Disclosure Vulnerability

HeartbleedInformation DisclosureExploitedZero-DayNetworkCybercriminalsHigh2014Why it’s significant: Dubbed “Heartbleed” because it was found in the Heartbeat extension of OpenSSL, this vulnerability allows an attacker, without prior authentication, to send a malicious heartbeat request with a false length field, claiming the packet contains more data than it does. The receiving system would then return data from its memory extending beyond the legitimate request, which may include sensitive private data, such as server keys and user credentials. OpenSSL is used by millions of websites, cloud services, and even VPN software, for encryption, making Heartbleed one of the most widespread vulnerabilities at the time.

CVE-2014-6271: GNU Bash Shellshock Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Shellshock Bash Bug Remote Code ExecutionExploitedZero-DayNetworkCybercriminalsCritical2014Why it’s significant: An attacker could craft an environment variable that contained both a function definition and additional malicious code. When Bash, a command interpreter used by Unix-based systems including Linux and macOS, processed this variable, it would execute the function, but also run the arbitrary commands appended after the function definition. “Shellshock” quickly became one of the most severe vulnerabilities discovered, comparable to Heartbleed’s potential impact. Attackers could exploit Shellshock to gain full control of vulnerable systems, leading to data breaches, service interruptions and malware deployment. The impact extended far beyond local systems. Bash is used by numerous services, particularly web servers, via CGI scripts to handle HTTP requests.

CVE-2015-5119: Adobe Flash Player Use After Free

Remote Code Execution Denial-of-ServiceExploitedZero-DayCybercriminalsAPT GroupsCritical2015Why it’s significant: Discovered during the Hacking Team data breach, it was quickly weaponized, appearing in multiple exploit kits. CVE-2015-5119 is a use-after-free flaw in Flash’s ActionScript ByteArray class, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary code by tricking users into visiting a compromised website. It was quickly integrated into attack frameworks used by Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) groups like APT3, APT18, and Fancy Bear (APT28). These groups, with ties to China and Russia, used the vulnerability to spy on and steal data from governments and corporations. Fancy Bear has been associated with nation-state cyber warfare, exploiting Flash vulnerabilities for political and military intelligence information gathering​. This flaw, along with several other Flash vulnerabilities, highlighted Flash’s risks, accelerating its eventual phase-out.

CVE-2017-11882: Microsoft Office Equation Editor Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Remote Code ExecutionExploitedNetworkCybercriminalsAPT GroupsHigh2017Why it’s significant: The vulnerability existed for 17 years in Equation Editor (EQNEDT32.EXE), a Microsoft Office legacy component used to insert and edit complex mathematical equations within documents. Once CVE-2017-11882 became public, cybercriminals and APT groups included it in maliciously crafted Office files. It became one of 2018’s most exploited vulnerabilities and continues to be utilized by various threat actors including SideWinder.

CVE-2017-0144: Windows SMB Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

EternalBlueRemote Code ExecutionExploitedNetworkWannaCry NotPetyaHigh2017Why it’s significant: CVE-2017-0144 was discovered by the National Security Agency (NSA) and leaked by a hacker group known as Shadow Brokers, making it widely accessible. Dubbed “EternalBlue,” its capacity to propagate laterally through networks, often infecting unpatched machines without human interaction, made it highly dangerous. It was weaponized in the WannaCry ransomware attack in May 2017 and spread globally. It was reused by NotPetya, a data-destroying wiper originally disguised as ransomware. NotPetya targeted companies in Ukraine before spreading worldwide. This made it one of history’s costliest cyberattacks.

CVE-2017-5638: Apache Struts 2 Jakarta Multipart Parser Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Remote Code ExecutionExploitedNetworkEquifax BreachCritical2017Why it’s significant: This vulnerability affects the Jakarta Multipart Parser in Apache Struts 2, a popular framework for building Java web applications. An attacker can exploit it by injecting malicious code into HTTP headers during file uploads, resulting in remote code execution (RCE), giving attackers control of the web server. CVE-2017-5638 was used in the Equifax breach, where personal and financial data of 147 million people was stolen, emphasizing the importance of patching widely-used frameworks, particularly in enterprise environments, to prevent catastrophic data breaches.

CVE-2019-0708: Remote Desktop Services Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

BlueKeep DejaBlue Remote Code ExecutionExploitedNetworkRansomware GroupsCybercriminalsCritical2019Why it’s significant: Dubbed "BlueKeep," this vulnerability in Windows Remote Desktop Services (RDS) was significant for its potential for widespread, self-propagating attacks, similar to the infamous WannaCry ransomware. An attacker could exploit this flaw to execute arbitrary code and take full control of a machine through Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), a common method for remote administration. BlueKeep was featured in the Top Routinely Exploited Vulnerabilities list in 2022 and was exploited by affiliates of the LockBit ransomware group.

CVE-2020-0796: Windows SMBv3 Client/Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

SMBGhost EternalDarknessRemote Code ExecutionExploited NetworkCybercriminalsRansomware GroupsCritical2020Why it’s significant: Its discovery evoked memories of EternalBlue because of the potential for it to be wormable, which is what led to it becoming a named vulnerability. Researchers found it trivial to identify the flaw and develop proof-of-concept (PoC) exploits for it. It was exploited in the wild by cybercriminals, including the Conti ransomware group and its affiliates.

CVE-2019-19781: Citrix ADC and Gateway Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Path TraversalExploitedNetworkAPT GroupsRansomware GroupsCybercriminalsCritical2019Why it’s significant: This vulnerability in Citrix Application Delivery Controller (ADC) and Citrix Gateway is significant due to its rapid exploitation by multiple threat actors, including state-sponsored groups and ransomware affiliates. By sending crafted HTTP requests, attackers could gain RCE and take full control of affected devices to install malware or steal data. The vulnerability remained unpatched for a month after its disclosure, leading to widespread exploitation. Unpatched systems are still being targeted today, highlighting the risk of ignoring known vulnerabilities.

CVE-2019-10149: Exim Remote Command Execution Vulnerability

Remote Command ExecutionExploitedNetworkAPT GroupsCybercriminalsCritical2019Why it’s significant: This vulnerability in Exim, a popular Mail Transfer Agent, allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges simply by sending a specially crafted email. The availability of public exploits led to widespread scanning and exploitation of vulnerable Exim servers, with attackers using compromised systems to install cryptocurrency miners (cryptominers), launch internal attacks or establish persistent backdoors. The NSA warned that state-sponsored actors were actively exploiting this flaw to compromise email servers and gather sensitive information.

CVE-2020-1472: Netlogon Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

ZerologonElevation of PrivilegeExploitedLocalRansomware GroupsAPT GroupsCybercriminalsCritical2020Why it’s significant: This vulnerability in the Netlogon Remote Protocol (MS-NRPC) allows attackers with network access to a Windows domain controller to reset its password, enabling them to impersonate the domain controller and potentially take over the entire domain. Its severity was underscored when Microsoft reported active exploitation less than two months after disclosure and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) issued an emergency directive to patch the flaw. Despite available patches, it continues to be exploited by ransomware groups, APT groups, and others, highlighting its broad and ongoing impact on network security.

CVE-2017-5753: CPU Speculative Execution Bounds Check Bypass Vulnerability

SpectreSpeculative Execution Bounds Check BypassLocalMedium2018Why it’s significant: In a speculative execution process, an idle microprocessor waiting to receive data speculates what the next instruction might be. Although meant to enhance performance, this process became a fundamental design flaw affecting the security of numerous modern processors. In Spectre’s case, an attacker-controlled process could read arbitrary memory belonging to another process. Since its discovery in January 2018, Spectre has affected nearly all modern processors from Intel, AMD and ARM. While it’s difficult to execute a successful Spectre attack, fully remediating the root cause is hard and requires microcode as well as operating system updates to mitigate the risk.

CVE-2017-5754: CPU Speculative Execution Rogue Data Cache Load Vulnerability

MeltdownSpeculative Execution Rogue Data Cache LoadLocalHigh2018Why it’s significant: Meltdown, another speculative execution vulnerability released alongside Spectre, can allow a userspace program to read privileged kernel memory. It exploits a race condition between the memory access and privilege checking while speculatively executing instructions. Meltdown impacts desktop, laptop and cloud systems and, according to researchers, may affect nearly every Intel processor released since 1995. With a wide reaching impact, both Spectre and Meltdown sparked major interest in a largely unexplored security area. The result: a slew of research and vulnerability discoveries, many of which were also given names and logos. While there’s no evidence of a successful Meltdown exploit, the discovery showcased the risk of security boundaries enforced by hardware.

CVE-2021-36942: Windows LSA Spoofing Vulnerability

PetitPotamSpoofingExploitedZero-DayNetworkRansomware GroupsHigh2021Why it’s significant: This vulnerability can force domain controllers to authenticate to an attacker-controlled destination. Shortly after a PoC was disclosed, it was adopted by ransomware groups like LockFile, which have chained Microsoft Exchange vulnerabilities with PetitPotam to take over domain controllers. Patched in the August 2021 Patch Tuesday release, the initial patch for CVE-2021-36942 only partially mitigated the issue, with Microsoft pushing general mitigation guidance for defending against NTLM Relay Attacks.

CVE-2022-30190: Microsoft Windows Support Diagnostic Tool Remote Code Execution

FollinaRemote Code ExecutionExploitedZero-DayLocalQakbot RemcosHigh2022Why it’s significant: Follina, a zero-day RCE vulnerability in MSDT impacting several versions of Microsoft Office, was later designated CVE-2022-30190. After public disclosure in May 2022, Microsoft patched Follina in the June 2022 Patch Tuesday. After disclosure, reports suggested that Microsoft dismissed the flaw’s initial disclosure as early as April 2022. Follina has been widely adopted by threat actors and was associated with some of 2021’s top malware strains in a joint cybersecurity advisory from CISA and the Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC), operating under the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD).

CVE-2021-44228: Apache Log4j Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Log4ShellRemote Code ExecutionExploitedNetworkCybercriminalsAPT GroupsCritical2021Why it’s significant: Log4j, a Java logging library widely used across many products and services, created a large attack surface. The discovery of CVE-2021-44228, dubbed “Log4Shell,” caused great concern, as exploitation simply requires sending a specially crafted request to a server running a vulnerable version of Log4j. After its disclosure, Log4Shell was exploited in attacks by cryptominers, DDoS botnets, ransomware groups and APT groups including those affiliated with the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).

CVE-2021-26855: Microsoft Exchange Server Server-Side Request Forgery Vulnerability

ProxyLogonServer-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)ExploitedZero-DayNetworkAPT Groups Ransomware GroupsCybercriminalsCritical2021Why it’s significant: CVE-2021-26855 was discovered as a zero-day along with four other vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server. It was exploited by a nation-state threat actor dubbed HAFNIUM. By sending a specially crafted HTTP request to a vulnerable Exchange Server, an attacker could steal the contents of user mailboxes using ProxyLogon. Outside of HAFNIUM, ProxyLogon has been used by ransomware groups and other cybercriminals. Its discovery created a domino effect, as other Exchange Server flaws, including ProxyShell and ProxyNotShell, were discovered, disclosed and subsequently exploited by attackers.

CVE-2021-34527: Microsoft Windows Print Spooler Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

PrintNightmareRemote Code ExecutionExploitedLocalAPT GroupsRansomware GroupsCybercriminalsHigh2021Why it’s significant: This RCE in the ubiquitous Windows Print Spooler could grant authenticated attackers arbitrary code execution privileges as SYSTEM. There was confusion surrounding the disclosure of this flaw, identified as CVE-2021-34527 and dubbed “PrintNightmare.” Originally, CVE-2021-1675, disclosed in June 2021, was believed to be the real PrintNightmare. However, Microsoft noted CVE-2021-1675 is “similar but distinct” from PrintNightmare. Since its disclosure, several Print Spooler vulnerabilities were disclosed, while a variety of attackers, including the Magniber and Vice Society ransomware groups exploited PrintNightmare.

CVE-2021-27101: Accellion File Transfer Appliance (FTA) SQL Injection Vulnerability

SQL InjectionExploitedZero-DayNetworkRansomware GroupCritical2021Why it’s significant: The file transfer appliance from Accellion (now known as Kiteworks) was exploited as a zero-day by the CLOP ransomware group between December 2020 and early 2021. Mandiant, hired by Kiteworks to investigate, determined that CLOP (aka UNC2546) exploited several flaws in FTA including CVE-2021-27101. This was CLOP’s first foray into targeting file transfer solutions, as they provide an easy avenue for the exfiltration of sensitive data that can be used to facilitate extortion.

CVE-2023-34362: Progress Software MOVEit Transfer SQL Injection Vulnerability

SQL InjectionExploitedZero-DayNetworkRansomware GroupCritical2023Why it’s significant: CLOP’s targeting of file transfer solutions culminated in the discovery of CVE-2023-34362, a zero-day in Progress Software’s MOVEit Transfer, a secure managed file transfer software. CLOP targeted MOVEit in May 2023 and the ramifications are still felt today. According to research conducted by Emsisoft, 2,773 organizations have been impacted and information on over 95 million individuals has been exposed as of October 2024. This attack underscored the value in targeting file transfer solutions.

CVE-2023-4966: Citrix NetScaler and ADC Gateway Sensitive Information Disclosure Vulnerability

CitrixBleedInformation DisclosureExploitedZero-DayNetworkRansomware GroupsAPT GroupsCritical2023Why it’s significant: CVE-2023-4966, also known as “CitrixBleed,” is very simple to exploit. An unauthenticated attacker could send a specially crafted request to a vulnerable NetScaler ADC or Gateway endpoint and obtain valid session tokens from the device’s memory. These session tokens could be replayed back to bypass authentication, and would persist even after the available patches had been applied. CitrixBleed saw mass exploitation after its disclosure, and ransomware groups like LockBit 3.0 and Medusa adopted it.

CVE-2023-2868: Barracuda Email Security Gateway (ESG) Remote Command Injection Vulnerability

Remote Command InjectionExploitedZero-DayNetworkAPT GroupsCritical2023Why it’s significant: Researchers found evidence of zero-day exploitation of CVE-2023-2868 in October 2022 by the APT group UNC4841. While Barracuda released patches in May 2023, the FBI issued a flash alert in August 2023 declaring them “ineffective,” stating that “active intrusions” were being observed on patched systems. This led to Barracuda making an unprecedented recommendation for the “immediate replacement of compromised ESG appliances, regardless of patch level.”

CVE-2024-3094: XZ Utils Embedded Malicious Code Vulnerability

Embedded Malicious CodeZero-DayUnknown Threat Actor (Jia Tan)Critical2024Why it’s significant: CVE-2024-3094 is not a traditional vulnerability. It is a CVE assigned for a supply-chain backdoor discovered in XZ Utils, a compression library found in various Linux distributions. Developer Andres Freund discovered the backdoor while investigating SSH performance issues. CVE-2024-3094 highlighted a coordinated supply chain attack by an unknown individual that contributed to the XZ GitHub project for two and a half years, gaining the trust of the developer before introducing the backdoor. The outcome of this supply chain attack could have been worse were it not for Freund’s discovery.

Identifying affected systems

A list of Tenable plugins for these vulnerabilities can be found on the individual CVE pages:




ac

How To Protect Your Cloud Environments and Prevent Data Breaches

As organizations create and store more data in the cloud, security teams must ensure the data is protected from cyberthreats. Learn more about what causes data breaches and about the best practices you can adopt to secure data stored in the cloud.

With the explosion of data being generated and stored in the cloud, hackers are creating new and innovative attack techniques to gain access to cloud environments and steal data. A review of recent major data breaches shows us that data thieves are using social engineering, hunting for exposed credentials, looking for unpatched vulnerabilities and misconfigurations and employing other sophisticated techniques to breach cloud environments.

A look at recent cloud data-breach trends

Here are some takeaways from major data breaches that have occurred this year:

  • Managing the risk from your third-parties – partners, service providers, vendors – has always been critical. It’s even more so when these trusted organizations have access to your cloud environment and cloud data. You must make sure that your third-parties are using proper cloud-security protections to safeguard their access to your cloud data and to your cloud environment.
  • Secure your identities. We’ve seen major data breaches this year tracked down to simple missteps like failing to protect highly-privileged admin accounts and services with multi-factor authentication (MFA). 
  • Adopt best practices to prevent ransomware attacks, and to mitigate them if you get hit by one. Ransomware gangs know that a surefire way to pressure victims into paying ransoms is to hijack their systems and threaten to expose their sensitive data. 

So, how can you strengthen your data security posture against these types of attacks?

  1. Implement a "zero trust" security framework that requires all users, whether inside or outside the organization, to be authenticated, authorized and continuously validated before being granted or maintaining access to data. This framework should allow only time-limited access and be based on the principle of least privilege, which limits access and usage to the minimum amount of data required to perform the job.
  2. Use a cloud data security posture management (DSPM) solution to enforce the security framework through continuous monitoring, automation, prioritization and visibility. DSPM solutions can help organizations identify and prioritize data security risks based on their severity, allowing them to focus their resources on the most critical issues.
  3. Regularly conduct risk assessments to detect and remediate security risks before they can be exploited by hackers. This can help prevent data breaches and minimize the impact of any security incidents that do occur.
  4. Train employees on security best practices, including how to create strong passwords, how to identify risks and how to report suspicious activity.

By following these recommendations, organizations can significantly reduce their risk of a data breach and improve handling sensitive data belonging to their organization. As more and more data moves to the cloud and hackers become more sophisticated, it's essential to prioritize security and take proactive measures to protect against data risks. 

Learn more




ac

Cybersecurity Snapshot: New Guides Offer Best Practices for Preventing Shadow AI and for Deploying Secure Software Updates

Looking for help with shadow AI? Want to boost your software updates’ safety? New publications offer valuable tips. Plus, learn why GenAI and data security have become top drivers of cyber strategies. And get the latest on the top “no-nos” for software security; the EU’s new cyber law; and CISOs’ communications with boards.

Dive into six things that are top of mind for the week ending Oct. 25.

1 - CSA: How to prevent “shadow AI” 

As organizations scale up their AI adoption, they must closely track their AI assets to secure them and mitigate their cyber risk. This includes monitoring the usage of unapproved AI tools by employees — an issue known as “shadow AI.”

So how do you identify, manage and prevent shadow AI? You may find useful ideas in the Cloud Security Alliance’s new “AI Organizational Responsibilities: Governance, Risk Management, Compliance and Cultural Aspects” white paper.

The white paper covers shadow AI topics including:

  • Creating a comprehensive inventory of AI systems
  • Conducting gap analyses to spot discrepancies between approved and actual AI usage
  • Implementing ways to detect unauthorized AI wares
  • Establishing effective access controls
  • Deploying monitoring techniques

 

 

“By focusing on these key areas, organizations can significantly reduce the risks associated with shadow AI, ensuring that all AI systems align with organizational policies, security standards, and regulatory requirements,” the white paper reads.

For example, to create an inventory that offers the required visibility into AI assets, the document explains different elements each record should have, such as:

  • The asset’s description
  • Information about its AI models
  • Information about its data sets and data sources
  • Information about the tools used for its development and deployment
  • Detailed documentation about its lifecycle, regulatory compliance, ethical considerations and adherence to industry standards
  • Records of its access control mechanisms

Shadow AI is one of four topics covered in the publication, which also unpacks risk management; governance and compliance; and safety culture and training.

To get more details, read:

For more information about AI security issues, including shadow AI, check out these Tenable blogs:

2 - Best practices for secure software updates

The security and reliability of software updates took center stage in July when an errant update caused massive and unprecedented tech outages globally.

To help prevent such episodes, U.S. and Australian cyber agencies have published “Safe Software Deployment: How Software Manufacturers Can Ensure Reliability for Customers.

“It is critical for all software manufacturers to implement a safe software deployment program supported by verified processes, including robust testing and measurements,” reads the 12-page document.

Although the guide is aimed primarily at commercial software vendors, its recommendations can be useful for any organization with software development teams that deploy updates internally.

 

 

The guide outlines key steps for a secure software development process, including planning; development and testing; internal rollout; and controlled rollout. It also addresses errors and emergency protocols.

“A safe software deployment process should be integrated with the organization’s SDLC, quality program, risk tolerance, and understanding of the customer’s environment and operations,” reads the guide, authored by the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), the FBI and the Australian Cyber Security Centre.

To get more details, read:

For more information about secure software updates:

3 - Report: GenAI, attack variety, data security drive cyber strategies

What issues act as catalysts for organizations’ cybersecurity actions today? Hint: They’re fairly recent concerns. The promise and peril of generative AI ranks first. It’s closely followed by the ever growing variety of cyberattacks; and by the intensifying urgency to protect data.

That’s according to CompTIA’s “State of Cybersecurity 2025” report, based on a survey of almost 1,200 business and IT pros in North America and in parts of Europe and Asia. 

These three key factors, along with others like the scale of attacks, play a critical role in how organizations currently outline their cybersecurity game plans.

“Understanding these drivers is essential for organizations to develop proactive and adaptive cybersecurity strategies that address the evolving threat landscape and safeguard their digital assets,” reads a CompTIA blog about the report.

Organizations are eagerly trying to understand both how generative AI can help their cybersecurity programs and how this technology is being used by malicious actors to make cyberattacks harder to detect and prevent.

Meanwhile, concern about data protection has ballooned in the past couple of years. “As organizations become more data-driven, the need to protect sensitive information has never been more crucial,” reads the blog.

Not only are organizations focused on securing data at rest, in transit and in use, but they’re also creating foundational data-management practices, according to the report.

“The rise of AI has accelerated the need for robust data practices in order to properly train AI algorithms, and the demand for data science continues to be strong as businesses seek competitive differentiation,” the report reads.

To get more details, read:

For more information about data security posture management (DSPM) and preventing AI-powered attacks, check out these Tenable resources:

4 - CISA lists software dev practices most harmful for security

Recommended best practices abound in the cybersecurity world. However, CISA and the FBI are taking the opposite tack in their quest to improve the security of software products: They just released a list of the worst security practices that software manufacturers ought to avoid.

Titled “Product Security Bad Practices,” the document groups the “no-nos” into three main categories: product properties; security features; and organizational processes and policies.

“It’s 2024, and basic, preventable software defects continue to enable crippling attacks against hospitals, schools, and other critical infrastructure. This has to stop,” CISA Director Jen Easterly said in a statement.

“These product security bad practices pose unacceptable risks in this day and age, and yet are all too common,” she added.

 

 

Here are some of the worst practices detailed in the document, which is part of CISA’s “Secure by Design” effort:

  • Using programming languages considered “memory unsafe”
  • Including user-provided input in SQL query strings
  • Releasing a product with default passwords
  • Releasing a product with known and exploited vulnerabilities
  • Not using multi-factor authentication
  • Failing to disclose vulnerabilities in a timely manner

Although the guidance is aimed primarily at software makers whose products are used by critical infrastructure organizations, the recommendations apply to all software manufacturers.

If you’re interested in sharing your feedback with CISA and the FBI, you can submit comments about the document until December 16, 2024 on the Federal Register.

To get more details, check out:

For more information about how to develop secure software:

5 - New EU law focuses on cybersecurity of connected digital products

Makers of digital products — both software and hardware — that directly or indirectly connect to networks and to other devices will have to comply with specific cybersecurity safeguards in the European Union.

A newly adopted law known as the “Cyber Resilience Act” outlines cybersecurity requirements for the design, development, production and lifecycle maintenance of these types of products, including IoT wares such as connected cars.

 

 

For example, it specifies a number of “essential cybersecurity requirements” for these products, including that they:

  • Aren’t shipped with known exploitable vulnerabilities
  • Feature a “secure by default” configuration
  • Can fix their vulnerabilities via automatic software updates
  • Offer access protection via control mechanisms, such as authentication and identity management
  • Protect the data they store, transmit and process using, for example, at-rest and in-transit encryption

“The new regulation aims to fill the gaps, clarify the links, and make the existing cybersecurity legislative framework more coherent, ensuring that products with digital components (...) are made secure throughout the supply chain and throughout their lifecycle,” reads a statement from the EU’s European Council.

The law will “enter into force” after its publication in the EU’s official journal and will apply and be enforceable 36 months later, so most likely in October 2027 or November 2027. However, some of its provisions will be enforceable a year prior.

For more information and analysis about the EU’s Cyber Resilience Act:

VIDEO

The EU Cyber Resilience Act: A New Era for Business Engagement in Open Source Software (Linux Foundation) 

6 - UK cyber agency: CISOs must communicate better with boards

CISOs and boards of directors are struggling to understand each other, and this is increasing their organizations’ cyber risk, new research from the U.K.’s cyber agency has found.

For example, in one alarming finding, 80% of respondents, which included board members, CISOs and other cyber leaders in medium and large enterprises, confessed to being unsure of who is ultimately accountable for cybersecurity in their organizations.

“We found that in many organisations, the CISO (or equivalent role) thought that the Board was accountable, whilst the Board thought it was the CISO,” reads a blog about the research titled “How to talk to board members about cyber.

As a result, the U.K. National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) has released new guidance aimed at helping CISOs better communicate with their organizations’ boards titled “Engaging with Boards to improve the management of cyber security risk.

“Cyber security is a strategic issue, which means you must engage with Boards on their terms and in their language to ensure the cyber risk is understood, managed and mitigated,” the document reads.

Here’s a small sampling of the advice:

  • Understand your audience, including who are the board’s members and their areas of expertise; and how the board works, such as its meeting formats and its committees.
  • Talk about cybersecurity in terms of risks, and outline these risks concretely and precisely, presenting them in a matter-of-fact way.
  • Don’t limit your communication with board members to formal board meetings. Look for opportunities to talk to them individually or in small groups outside of these board meetings.
  • Elevate the discussions so that you link cybersecurity with your organization’s business challenges, goals and context.
  • Aim to provide a holistic view, and avoid using technical jargon.
  • Aim to advise instead of to educate.




ac

Social Media for Science Outreach – A Case Study: Career changing and pseudonyms

To tie in with this month’s SoNYC birthday celebrations, we are hosting a collection of case




ac

Social Media for Science Outreach – A Case Study: Marine Science & Conservation Outreach

A twitter TeachIn about marine protected areas, hosted by @RJ_Dunlap on 4/8/2013




ac

Social Media for Science Outreach – A Case Study: The Beagle Project, Galapagos Live & ISS Wave

Selected responses categorized into 'helped', 'helped and harmed' and 'harmed'.




ac

Social Media for Science Outreach – A Case Study: AntarcticGlaciers.org

To tie in with this month’s SoNYC birthday celebrations, we are hosting a collection of case




ac

Social Media for Science Outreach – A Case Study: Chemicals Are Your Friends

To tie in with this month’s SoNYC birthday celebrations, we are hosting a collection of case




ac

Social Media for Science Outreach – A Case Study: National Science Foundation-funded IGERT project team

To tie in with this month’s SoNYC birthday celebrations, we are hosting a collection of case




ac

Social Media for Science Outreach – A Case Study: TEDMED Great Challenges

To tie in with this month’s SoNYC birthday celebrations, we are hosting a collection of case




ac

Social Media for Science Outreach – A Case Study: Lessons From a Campaign Twitter Account

James King is a geomorphologist interested in exploring the processes that govern sediment transport and




ac

OSC consults on improving retail investor access to long-term asset investments

TORONTO – The Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) today




ac

SpotOn London 2012 Storify: Incentivising Open Access and Open Science: Carrot and Stick

Here is a Storify round up of the SpotOn London session: Incentivising Open Access and Open




ac

SpotOn London 2012 Storify: Tackling the terabyte: how should research adapt to the era of big data?

Here is a Storify round up of the SpotOn London session: Tackling the terabyte: how should




ac

SpotOn London 2013 – draft programme: Policy track

As we’re getting ready to make tickets available for this year’s SpotOn London conference, we’re




ac

SpotOn London 2013: Contract for interdisciplinary working

In preparation for this year’s SpotOn London 2013 workshop, Interdisciplinary research: what can scientists, humanists




ac

SpotOn London 2013 – draft programme: Outreach track

As we’re getting ready to make tickets available for this year’s SpotOn London conference, we’re




ac

SpotOn London Storify: Communicating Science in an Open Access World

Here is a Storify collecting the online conversations from the Communicating Science in an Open Access




ac

Attack on Titan. 4, Humanity pushes back! / Hajime Isayama ; [translator, Sheldon Drzka ; lettering, Steve Wands].

"Humanity pushes back! The Survey Corps develops a risky gambit— have Eren in Titan form attempt to repair Wall Rose, reclaiming human territory from the monsters for the first time in a century. But Titan-Eren's self-control is far from perfect, and when he goes on a rampage, not even Armin can stop him! With the survival of humanity on his massive shoulders, will Eren be able to return to his senses, or will he lose himself forever?"-- Page [4] of cover.




ac

Outcast. Volume 1, A darkness surrounds him / Robert Kirkman, creator, writer ; Paul Azaceta, artist ; Elizabeth Breitweiser, colorist ; Rus Wooton, letterer.

Kyle Barnes has been plagued by demonic possession all his life and now he needs answers. Unfortunately, what he uncovers along the way could bring about the end of life on Earth as we know it.




ac

Outcast. Volume 3, This little light / Robert Kirkman, creator, writer ; Paul Azaceta, artist ; Elizabeth Breitweiser, colorist ; Rus Wooton, Letterer ; Sean Mackiewicz, editor.

"Kyle is faced with the most emotional exorcism he's performed yet … as he begins to learn more about his abilities and what's really happening around him. The pieces are starting to fall into place as secrets are revealed that will change everything." -- Description provided by publisher.




ac

Outcast. Volume 2, A vast and unending ruin / Robert Kirkman, creator, writer ; Paul Azaceta, artist ; Elizabeth Breitweiser, colorist ; Rus Wooton, letterer.

Kyle Barnes has been plagued by demonic possession all his life. In light of recent revelations, he finally feels like he's starting to piece together the answers he's looking for. But while he feels a new sense of purpose is Reverend Anderson's life falling apart?




ac

Outcast. Volume 4, Under Devil's wing / Robert Kirkman, creator, writer ; Paul Azaceta, artist ; Elizabeth Breitweiser, colorist ; Rus Wooton, letterer.

"Answers are given, secrets are revealed, and the Barnes family has never been in more danger. Allison learns that there's something very special about her daughter, bu where's Kyle? Will Anderson risk everything to save him?' -- Page 4 of cover.




ac

The Black Panther Party : a graphic novel history / David F. Walker ; art, colors, and letters by Marcus Kwame Anderson.

"Founded in Oakland, California, in 1966, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was a radical political organization that stood in defiant contrast to the mainstream civil rights movement. This gripping illustrated history explores the impact and significance of the Panthers, from their social, educational, and healthcare programs that were designed to uplift the Black community to their battle against police brutality through citizen patrols and frequent clashes with the FBI, which targeted the Party from its outset. Using dramatic comic book-style retellings and illustrated profiles of key figures, The Black Panther Party captures the major events, people, and actions of the Party, as well as their cultural and political influence and enduring legacy." -- Page [2] of cover.




ac

You look like death : tales from the Umbrella Academy / story, Gerard Way and Shaun Simon ; art & colors, I.N.J. Culbard ; letters, Nate Piekos of Blambot ; cover and chapter breaks by Gabriel Bá.

"When 18-year-old Klaus gets himself kicked out of the Umbrella Academy and his allowance discontinued, he heads to a place where his ghoulish talents will be appreciated— Hollywood. But after a magical high on a stash stolen from a vampire drug lord, Klaus needs help, and doesn't have his siblings there to save him." -- Provided by publisher.




ac

SpotOn London: Public interest and privacy in the digital world – 14/15 November 2014

The annual conference, SpotOn London, will be taking place at the Wellcome Trust on Friday,




ac

The impacts of COVID-19 on global food security and the coping strategy [in Chinese]

Article PDF (download)




ac

Monitoring indicators of economic activity in Sudan amidst ongoing conflict using satellite data [in Arabic]

استمرت المواجهة في السودان بين القوات المسلحة السودانية وقوات الدعم السريع لعدة أشهر قبل أن تتصاعد إلى نزاع مسلح في 15 أبريل 2023. بالإضافة ة إلى جانب الكارثة الإنسانية، عطل النزاع العديد من الخدمات العامة مثل الكهرباء والمياه والخدمات الصحية والخدمات المصرفية، بينما تعطل أيضا الوصول إلى الأسواق، مما أدى إلى ندرة كبيرة في السلع والخدمات. وقد دمر الصراع البنية التحتية الرئيسية، وقيد التجارة المحلية والدولية وعطل أنشطة الإنتاج وسلاسل الموردين.