Neutron spectroscopy uniquely and non-destructively accesses diffusive dynamics in soft and biological matter, including for instance proteins in hydrated powders or in solution, and more generally dynamic properties of condensed matter on the molecular level. Given the limited neutron flux resulting in long counting times, it is important to optimize data acquisition for the specific question, in particular for time-resolved (kinetic) studies. The required acquisition time was recently significantly reduced by measurements of discrete energy transfers rather than quasi-continuous neutron scattering spectra on neutron backscattering spectrometers. Besides this reduction in acquisition times, smaller amounts of samples can be measured with better statistics, and most importantly, kinetically changing samples, such as aggregating or crystallizing samples, can be followed. However, given the small number of discrete energy transfers probed in this mode, established analysis frameworks for full spectra can break down. Presented here are new approaches to analyze measurements of diffusive dynamics recorded within fixed windows in energy transfer, and these are compared with the analysis of full spectra. The new approaches are tested by both modeled scattering functions and a comparative analysis of fixed energy window data and full spectra on well understood reference samples. This new approach can be employed successfully for kinetic studies of the dynamics focusing on the short-time apparent center-of-mass diffusion.

The influence of various combinations of residual stress, composition and grain interaction gradients in polycrystalline materials with cubic symmetry on energy-dispersive X-ray stress analysis is theoretically investigated. For the evaluation of the simulated sin2ψ distributions, two different strategies are compared with regard to their suitability for separating the individual gradients. It is shown that the separation of depth gradients of the strain-free lattice parameter a0(z) from residual stress gradients σ(z) is only possible if the data analysis is carried out in section planes parallel to the surface. The impact of a surface layer z* that is characterized by a direction-dependent grain interaction model in contrast to the volume of the material is quantified by comparing a ferritic and an austenitic steel, which feature different elastic anisotropy. It is shown to be of minor influence on the resulting residual stress depth profiles if the data evaluation is restricted to reflections hkl with orientation factors Γhkl close to the model-independent orientation Γ*. Finally, a method is proposed that allows the thickness of the anisotropic surface layer z* to be estimated on the basis of an optimization procedure.

Presented and discussed here is the implementation of a software solution that provides prompt X-ray diffraction data analysis during fast dynamic compression experiments conducted within the dynamic diamond anvil cell technique. It includes efficient data collection, streaming of data and metadata to a high-performance cluster (HPC), fast azimuthal data integration on the cluster, and tools for controlling the data processing steps and visualizing the data using the DIOPTAS software package. This data processing pipeline is invaluable for a great number of studies. The potential of the pipeline is illustrated with two examples of data collected on ammonia–water mixtures and multiphase mineral assemblies under high pressure. The pipeline is designed to be generic in nature and could be readily adapted to provide rapid feedback for many other X-ray diffraction techniques, e.g. large-volume press studies, in situ stress/strain studies, phase transformation studies, chemical reactions studied with high-resolution diffraction etc.

A deep-learning algorithm is proposed for the inpainting of Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) patterns affected by detector gaps. These regions of missing intensity can compromise the accuracy of reconstruction algorithms, inducing artefacts in the final result. It is thus desirable to restore the intensity in these regions in order to ensure more reliable reconstructions. The key aspect of the method lies in the choice of training the neural network with cropped sections of diffraction data and subsequently patching the predictions generated by the model along the gap, thus completing the full diffraction peak. This approach enables access to a greater amount of experimental data for training and offers the ability to average overlapping sections during patching. As a result, it produces robust and dependable predictions for experimental data arrays of any size. It is shown that the method is able to remove gap-induced artefacts on the reconstructed objects for both simulated and experimental data, which becomes essential in the case of high-resolution BCDI experiments.

Using the well known Rn ratio method, a protocol has been elaborated for determining the lattice direction for the 15 most common cubic zone axis spot patterns. The method makes use of the lengths of the three shortest reciprocal-lattice vectors in each pattern and the angles between them. No prior pattern calibration is required for the method to work, as the Rn ratio method is based entirely on geometric relationships. In the first step the pattern is assigned to one of three possible pattern types according to the angles that are measured between the three reciprocal-lattice vectors. The lattice direction [uvw] and possible Bravais type(s) and Laue indices of the corresponding reflections can then be determined by using lookup tables. In addition to determining the lattice direction, this simple geometric analysis allows one to distinguish between the P, I and F Bravais lattices for spot patterns aligned along [013], [112], [114] and [233]. Moreover, the F lattice can always be uniquely identified from the [011] and [123] patterns.

Predicting crystal symmetry simply from chemical composition has remained challenging. Several machine-learning approaches can be employed, but the predictive value of popular crystallographic databases is relatively modest due to the paucity of data and uneven distribution across the 230 space groups. In this work, virtually all crystallographic information available to science has been compiled and used to train and test multiple machine-learning models. Composition-driven random-forest classification relying on a large set of descriptors showed the best performance. The predictive models for crystal system, Bravais lattice, point group and space group of inorganic compounds are made publicly available as easy-to-use software downloadable from https://gitlab.com/vishsoft/cosy.

X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) is a powerful tool for the investigation of dynamics covering a broad range of timescales and length scales. The two-time correlation function (TTC) is commonly used to track non-equilibrium dynamical evolution in XPCS measurements, with subsequent extraction of one-time correlations. While the theoretical foundation for the quantitative analysis of TTCs is primarily established for equilibrium systems, where key parameters such as the diffusion coefficient remain constant, non-equilibrium systems pose a unique challenge. In such systems, different projections (`cuts') of the TTC may lead to divergent results if the underlying fundamental parameters themselves are subject to temporal variations. This article explores widely used approaches for TTC calculations and common methods for extracting relevant information from correlation functions, particularly in the light of comparing dynamics in equilibrium and non-equilibrium systems.

For a reliable characterization of materials and systems featuring multiple structural levels, a broad length scale from a few ångström to hundreds of nanometres must be analyzed and an extended Q range must be covered in X-ray and neutron scattering experiments. For certain samples or effects, it is advantageous to perform such characterization with a single instrument. Neutrons offer the unique advantage of contrast variation and matching by D-labeling, which is of great value in the characterization of natural or synthetic polymers. Some time-of-flight small-angle neutron scattering (TOF-SANS) instruments at neutron spallation sources can cover an extended Q range by using a broad wavelength band and a multitude of detectors. The detectors are arranged to cover a wide range of scattering angles with a resolution that allows both large-scale morphology and crystalline structure to be resolved simultaneously. However, for such analyses, the SANS instruments at steady-state sources operating in conventional monochromatic pinhole mode rely on additional wide-angle neutron scattering (WANS) detectors. The resolution must be tuned via a system of choppers and a TOF data acquisition option to reliably measure the atomic to mesoscale structures. The KWS-2 SANS diffractometer at Jülich Centre for Neutron Science allows the exploration of a wide Q range using conventional pinhole and lens focusing modes and an adjustable resolution Δλ/λ between 2 and 20%. This is achieved through the use of a versatile mechanical velocity selector combined with a variable slit opening and rotation frequency chopper. The installation of WANS detectors planned on the instrument required a detailed analysis of the quality of the data measured over a wide angular range with variable resolution. This article presents an assessment of the WANS performance by comparison with a McStas [Willendrup, Farhi & Lefmann (2004). Physica B, 350, E735–E737] simulation of ideal experimental conditions at the instrument.

Coherent diffractive imaging with X-ray free-electron lasers could enable structural studies of macromolecules at room temperature. This type of experiment could provide a means to study structural dynamics on the femtosecond timescale. However, the diffraction from a single protein is weak compared with the incoherent scattering from background sources, which negatively affects the reconstruction analysis. This work evaluates the effects of the presence of background on the analysis pipeline. Background measurements from the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser were combined with simulated diffraction patterns and treated by a standard reconstruction procedure, including orientation recovery with the expand, maximize and compress algorithm and 3D phase retrieval. Background scattering did have an adverse effect on the estimated resolution of the reconstructed density maps. Still, the reconstructions generally worked when the signal-to-background ratio was 0.6 or better, in the momentum transfer shell of the highest reconstructed resolution. The results also suggest that the signal-to-background requirement increases at higher resolution. This study gives an indication of what is possible at current setups at X-ray free-electron lasers with regards to expected background strength and establishes a target for experimental optimization of the background.

The first Federation of European Biochemical Societies Advanced Course on macromolecular crystallization was launched in the Czech Republic in October 2004. Over the past two decades, the course has developed into a distinguished event, attracting students, early career postdoctoral researchers and lecturers. The course topics include protein purification, characterization and crystallization, covering the latest advances in the field of structural biology. The many hands-on practical exercises enable a close interaction between students and teachers and offer the opportunity for students to crystallize their own proteins. The course has a broad and lasting impact on the scientific community as participants return to their home laboratories and act as nuclei by communicating and implementing their newly acquired knowledge and skills.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention in recent years owing to their exceptional properties. Understanding the intricate relationship between the structure of a material and its properties is crucial for guiding the synthesis and application of these materials. (Scanning) Transmission electron microscopy (S)TEM imaging stands out as a powerful tool for structural characterization at the nanoscale, capable of detailing both periodic and aperiodic local structures. However, the high electron-beam sensitivity of MOFs presents substantial challenges in their structural characterization using (S)TEM. This paper summarizes the latest advancements in low-dose high-resolution (S)TEM imaging technology and its application in MOF material characterization. It covers aspects such as framework structure, defects, and surface and interface analysis, along with the distribution of guest molecules within MOFs. This review also discusses emerging technologies like electron ptychography and outlines several prospective research directions in this field.

X-ray scattering has become a major tool in the structural characterization of nanoscale materials. Thanks to the widely available experimental and computational atomic models, coordinate-based X-ray scattering simulation has played a crucial role in data interpretation in the past two decades. However, simulation of real-space pair distance distribution functions (PDDFs) from small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, SAXS/WAXS, has been relatively less exploited. This study presents a comparison of PDDF simulation methods, which are applied to molecular structures that range in size from β-cyclo­dextrin [1 kDa molecular weight (MW), 66 non-hydrogen atoms] to the satellite tobacco mosaic virus capsid (1.1 MDa MW, 81 960 non-hydrogen atoms). The results demonstrate the power of interpretation of experimental SAXS/WAXS from the real-space view, particularly by providing a more intuitive method for understanding of partial structure contributions. Furthermore, the computational efficiency of PDDF simulation algorithms makes them attractive as approaches for the analysis of large nanoscale materials and biological assemblies. The simulation methods demonstrated in this article have been implemented in stand-alone software, SolX 3.0, which is available to download from https://12idb.xray.aps.anl.gov/solx.html.

Compared with batch and vapor diffusion methods, counter diffusion can generate larger and higher-quality protein crystals yielding improved diffraction data and higher-resolution structures. Typically, counter-diffusion experiments are conducted in elongated chambers, such as glass capillaries, and the crystals are either directly measured in the capillary or extracted and mounted at the X-ray beamline. Despite the advantages of counter-diffusion protein crystallization, there are few fixed-target devices that utilize counter diffusion for crystallization. In this article, different designs of user-friendly counter-diffusion chambers are presented which can be used to grow large protein crystals in a 2D polymer microfluidic fixed-target chip. Methods for rapid chip fabrication using commercially available thin-film materials such as Mylar, propyl­ene and Kapton are also detailed. Rules of thumb are provided to tune the nucleation and crystal growth to meet users' needs while minimizing sample consumption. These designs provide a reliable approach to forming large crystals and maintaining their hydration for weeks and even months. This allows ample time to grow, select and preserve the best crystal batches before X-ray beam time. Importantly, the fixed-target microfluidic chip has a low background scatter and can be directly used at beamlines without any crystal handling, enabling crystal quality to be preserved. The approach is demonstrated with serial diffraction of photoactive yellow protein, yielding 1.32 Å resolution at room temperature. Fabrication of this standard microfluidic chip with commercially available thin films greatly simplifies fabrication and provides enhanced stability under vacuum. These advances will further broaden microfluidic fixed-target utilization by crystallographers.

High-pressure crystallographic data can be measured using a diamond anvil cell (DAC), which allows the sample to be viewed only along a cell vector which runs perpendicular to the diamond anvils. Although centring a sample perpendicular to this direction is straightforward, methods for centring along this direction often rely on sample focusing, measurements of the direct beam or short data collections followed by refinement of the crystal offsets. These methods may be inaccurate, difficult to apply or slow. Described here is a method based on precise measurement of the offset in this direction using a confocal optical device, whereby the cell centre is located at the mid-point of two measurements of the distance between a light source and the external faces of the diamond anvils viewed along the forward and reverse directions of the cell vector. It is shown that the method enables a DAC to be centred to within a few micrometres reproducibly and quickly.

Understanding the structure–property relationship in electrocatalysts under working conditions is crucial for the rational design of novel and improved catalytic materials. This paper presents the Aarhus University reactor for electrochemical studies using X-rays (AUREX) operando electrocatalytic flow cell, designed as an easy-to-use versatile setup with a minimal background contribution and a uniform flow field to limit concentration polarization and handle gas formation. The cell has been employed to measure operando total scattering, diffraction and absorption spectroscopy as well as simultaneous combinations thereof on a commercial silver electrocatalyst for proof of concept. This combination of operando techniques allows for monitoring of the short-, medium- and long-range structure under working conditions, including an applied potential, liquid electrolyte and local reaction environment. The structural transformations of the Ag electrocatalyst are monitored with non-negative matrix factorization, linear combination analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient matrix, and refinements in both real and reciprocal space. Upon application of an oxidative potential in an Ar-saturated aqueous 0.1 M KHCO3/K2CO3 electrolyte, the face-centered cubic (f.c.c.) Ag gradually transforms first to a trigonal Ag2CO3 phase, followed by the formation of a monoclinic Ag2CO3 phase. A reducing potential immediately reverts the structure to the Ag (f.c.c.) phase. Following the electrochemical-reaction-induced phase transitions is of fundamental interest and necessary for understanding and improving the stability of electrocatalysts, and the operando cell proves a versatile setup for probing this. In addition, it is demonstrated that, when studying electrochemical reactions, a high energy or short exposure time is needed to circumvent beam-induced effects.

This article presents a web-based framework to build a database without in-depth programming knowledge given a set of CIF dictionaries and a collection of CIFs. The framework consists of two main elements: the public site that displays the information contained in the CIFs in an ordered manner, and the restricted administrative site which defines how that information is stored, processed and, eventually, displayed. Thus, the web application allows users to easily explore, filter and access the data, download the original CIFs, and visualize the structures via JSmol. The modulated structures open database B-IncStrDB, the official International Union of Crystallography repository for this type of material and available through the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, has been re-implemented following the proposed framework.

Here, it is investigated how optical properties of single scatterers in interacting multi-particle systems influence measurable structure factors. Both particles with linear gradients of their scattering length density and core–shell structures evoke characteristic deviations between the weighted sum 〈S(Q)〉 of partial structure factors in a multi-component system and experimentally accessible measurable structure factors SM(Q). While 〈S(Q)〉 contains only the structural information of self-organizing systems, SM(Q) is additionally influenced by the optical properties of their constituents, resulting in features such as changing amplitudes, additional peaks in the low-wavevector region or splitting of higher-order maxima, which are not related to structural reasons. It is shown that these effects can be systematically categorized according to the qualitative behaviour of the form factor in the Guinier region, which enables assessing the suitability of experimentally obtained structure factors to genuinely represent the microstructure of complex systems free from any particular model assumption. Hence, a careful data analysis regarding size distribution and optical properties of single scatterers is mandatory to avoid a misinterpretation of measurable structure factors.

SUBGROUPS is a free online program at the Bilbao Crystallographic Server (https://www.cryst.ehu.es/). It permits the exploration of all possible symmetries resulting from the distortion of a higher-symmetry parent structure, provided that the relation between the lattices of the distorted and parent structures is known. The program calculates all the subgroups of the parent space group which comply with this relation. The required minimal input is the space-group information of the parent structure and the relation of the unit cell of the distorted or pseudo-symmetric structure with that of the parent structure. Alternatively, the wavevector(s) observed in the diffraction data characterizing the distortion can be introduced. Additional conditions can be added, including filters related to space-group representations. The program provides very detailed information on all the subgroups, including group–subgroup hierarchy graphs. If a Crystallographic Information Framework (CIF) file of the parent high-symmetry structure is uploaded, the program generates CIF files of the parent structure described under each of the chosen lower symmetries. These CIF files may then be used as starting points for the refinement of the distorted structure under these possible symmetries. They can also be used for density functional theory calculations or for any other type of analysis. The power and efficiency of the program are illustrated with a few examples.

The two most abundant CaCO3 polymorphs, calcite and aragonite, are universally recognized for the richness of their morphology to which different twins make relevant contributions. The epitaxial transformation calcite ↔ aragonite has long been debated. While the twinning has been thoroughly treated, the homo-epitaxy occurring within each of these minerals has, inexplicably, been overlooked to date, both experimentally and theoretically. Twinning can be deceptive to the point where it can be mistaken for homo-epitaxy, thus making the proposed growth mechanism in the crystal aggregate wrong. Within the present work, the first aim is a theoretical investigation of the homo-epitaxies among the three {10.4}-cleavage, {01.2}-steep and {01.8}-flat rhombohedra of calcite. Accordingly, the specific adhesion energies were calculated between facing crystal forms, unequivocally showing that the {01.2}/{01.8} homo-epitaxy competes with the generation of both {01.2} and {01.8} contact twins. Secondly, the calculation of the specific adhesion energy was extended to consider homo-epitaxy for the {10.4} rhombohedron. The two-dimensional geometric lattice coincidence has been tried for the {00.1} pinacoidal form as well.

Here, a morphologically based approach is used for the in situ characterization of 3D growth rates of facetted crystals from the solution phase. Crystal images of single crystals of the β-form of l-glutamic acid are captured in situ during their growth at a relative supersaturation of 1.05 using transmission optical microscopy. The crystal growth rates estimated for both the {101} capping and {021} prismatic faces through image processing are consistent with those determined using reflection light mode [Jiang, Ma, Hazlehurst, Ilett, Jackson, Hogg & Roberts (2024). Cryst. Growth Des. 24, 3277–3288]. The growth rate in the {010} face is, for the first time, estimated from the shadow widths of the {021} prismatic faces and found to be typically about half that of the {021} prismatic faces. Analysis of the 3D shape during growth reveals that the initial needle-like crystal morphology develops during the growth process to become more tabular, associated with the Zingg factor evolving from 2.9 to 1.7 (>1). The change in relative solution supersaturation during the growth process is estimated from calculations of the crystal volume, offering an alternative approach to determine this dynamically from visual observations.

Here, a recently commissioned five-analyzer Johann spectrometer at the Inner Shell Spectroscopy beamline (8-ID) at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) is presented. Designed for hard X-ray photon-in/photon-out spectroscopy, the spectrometer achieves a resolution in the 0.5–2 eV range, depending on the element and/or emission line, providing detailed insights into the local electronic and geometric structure of materials. It serves a diverse user community, including fields such as physical, chemical, biological, environmental and materials sciences. This article details the mechanical design, alignment procedures and data-acquisition scheme of the spectrometer, with a particular focus on the continuous asynchronous data-acquisition approach that significantly enhances experimental efficiency.

Geological samples are inherently multi-scale. Understanding their bulk physical and chemical properties requires characterization down to the nano-scale. A powerful technique to study the three-dimensional microstructure is X-ray tomography, but it lacks information about the chemistry of samples. To develop a methodology for measuring the multi-scale 3D microstructure of geological samples, correlative X-ray micro- and nanotomography were performed on two rocks followed by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis. The study was performed in five steps: (i) micro X-ray tomography was performed on rock sample cores, (ii) samples for nanotomography were prepared using laser milling, (iii) nanotomography was performed on the milled sub-samples, (iv) samples were mounted and polished for SEM analysis and (v) SEM imaging and compositional mapping was performed on micro and nanotomography samples for complimentary information. Correlative study performed on samples of serpentine and basalt revealed multiscale 3D structures involving both solid mineral phases and pore networks. Significant differences in the volume fraction of pores and mineral phases were also observed dependent on the imaging spatial resolution employed. This highlights the necessity for the application of such a multiscale approach for the characterization of complex aggregates such as rocks. Information acquired from the chemical mapping of different phases was also helpful in segmentation of phases that did not exhibit significant contrast in X-ray imaging. Adoption of the protocol used in this study can be broadly applied to 3D imaging studies being performed at the Advanced Light Source and other user facilities.

Soft X-ray spectroscopy is an important technique for measuring the fundamental properties of materials. However, for measurements of samples in the sub-millimetre range, many experimental setups show limitations. Position drifts on the order of hundreds of micrometres during thermal stabilization of the system can last for hours of expensive beam time. To compensate for drifts, sample tracking and feedback systems must be used. However, in complex sample environments where sample access is very limited, many existing solutions cannot be applied. In this work, we apply a robust computer vision algorithm to automatically track and readjust the sample position in the dozens of micrometres range. Our approach is applied in a complex sample environment, where the sample is in an ultra-high vacuum chamber, surrounded by cooled thermal shields to reach sample temperatures down to 2.5 K and in the center of a superconducting split coil. Our implementation allows sample-position tracking and adjustment in the vertical direction since this is the dimension where drifts occur during sample temperature change in our setup. The approach can be easily extended to 2D. The algorithm enables a factor of ten improvement in the overlap of a series of X-ray absorption spectra in a sample with a vertical size down to 70 µm. This solution can be used in a variety of experimental stations, where optical access is available and sample access by other means is reduced.

We present first hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) results of aqueous salt solutions and dispersions of gold nanoparticles in liquid cells equipped with specially designed microfabricated thin silicon nitride membranes, with thickness in the 15–25 nm range, mounted in a high-vacuum-compatible environment. The experiments have been performed at the HAXPES endstation of the GALAXIES beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation facility. The low-stress membranes are fabricated from 100 mm silicon wafers using standard lithography techniques. Platinum alignment marks are added to the chips hosting the membranes to facilitate the positioning of the X-ray beam on the membrane by detecting the corresponding photoemission lines. Two types of liquid cells have been used, a static one built on an Omicron-type sample holder with the liquid confined in the cell container, and a circulating liquid cell, in which the liquid can flow in order to mitigate the effects due to beam damage. We demonstrate that the membranes are mechanically robust and able to withstand 1 bar pressure difference between the liquid inside the cell and vacuum, and the intense synchrotron radiation beam during data acquisition. This opens up new opportunities for spectroscopic studies of liquids.

The neutralization of acidic solutions containing U (IV) and Ce (III) at room temperature in glove box atmosphere and in the presence of dithionite results in coprecipitation of these elements as amorphous solid solutions CexU1–xO2±y. The solubilities of the precipitates with different mole fractions (x) of Ce(OH)3 (x = 0.01 or 0.1) were determined in 1 M NaClO4 solutions between pH 2.2 and 12.8 under reducing conditions. The solids were investigated by a variety of methods (chemical analysis, SEM-EDX, XRD, XPS, XAS) to determine the nature of the solid solutions formed, their composition and the valence state of Ce and U. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the oxidation states of the solids both before and after the equilibration as Ce (III) and U (IV). The amorphous coprecipitates reached equilibrium relatively fast (∼1 week). The release of Ce from the coprecipitates was totally dominated by the release of uranium over the whole pH range. The Ce concentrations decrease slightly with the decrease of Ce content in the solid, suggesting that CexU1–xO2±y solids behave thermodynamically as solid solutions. The concentrations of U in equilibrium with the coprecipitate were in excellent agreement with the solubility of UO2(s) under reducing conditions reported in the literature. The conditional solubility product of Ce(OH)3 from the coprecipitate was several orders of magnitude (∼4 in the near neutral pH range and ∼18 in the acidic range) lower than that of pure Ce(OH)3(s). The activities and activity coefficients of Ce(OH)3(s) in the coprecipitate were also estimated. Activity coefficients are much less than 1, indicating that the mixing of Ce(OH)3 with UO2 is highly favorable.

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Source: Darren Aftahi 11/06/2024

Roth MKM analyst Darren Aftahi, in a research report published on November 5, 2024, maintained a Buy rating on Terawulf Inc. (WULF:NASDAQ) with a price target of US$7.50. The report follows TeraWulf's October production update and insights into its HPC capacity expansion plans.

Aftahi highlighted the company's HPC capacity development, stating, "WULF gained better insight into its supply chain for delivering ~72.5MW of HPC capacity by 2Q25, with the potential to generate ~US$90M in annualized revenue with US$60M+ in profit (exit run rate). Its 2.5MW concept building is now complete, and its 20MW facility is on schedule for 1Q25."

Regarding October's production metrics, the analyst noted, "WULF mined 150 BTC in October, up 7% m/m on a comparable basis to only Lake Mariner in September (140 BTC). The ending hash rate is now 8.1 EH/s (vs. 10) from the removal of Nautilus." He added that "machine efficiency is now 22 J/TH vs. the prior combined rate of ~24.6 J/TH."

The analyst observed operational improvements, commenting, "Avg. operating hash rate was ~6.8 or ~84%, slightly ahead of prior months (although reported in aggregate). Part of this is being driven by the accelerated replacement of older miners at Lake Mariner."

The report noted that upon reinstallation of damaged miners at Lake Mariner, the hash rate would increase to approximately 8.7 EH/s, though power cost per BTC increased about 5% month over month.

Roth MKM's valuation methodology is based on an EBITDA multiple approach. Aftahi explained, "We apply a ~24x multiple to our projected FY25 adj. EBITDA of ~US$120M to arrive at our price target of US$7.50."

The analyst outlined several risk factors, including Bitcoin price volatility, regulatory changes, unproven new business segments, capital requirements, weather impacts, competition, power contracts, and reliance on third-party suppliers.

In conclusion, Roth MKM's maintenance of their Buy rating and US$7.50 price target reflects confidence in TeraWulf's operational execution and growth potential in both Bitcoin mining and HPC capacity. The share price at the time of the report of US$5.98 represents a potential return of approximately 25.4% to the analyst's target price.

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Disclosures for Roth MKM, TeraWulf Inc., November 5, 2024

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Disclosures: Within the last twelve months, ROTH Capital Partners, or an affiliate to ROTH Capital Partners, has received compensation for investment banking services from TeraWulf, Inc.. Shares of TeraWulf, Inc. may be subject to the Securities and Exchange Commission's Penny Stock Rules, which may set forth sales practice requirements for certain low-priced securities.

Not Covered [NC]: ROTH Capital does not publish research or have an opinion about this security. ROTH Capital Partners, LLC expects to receive or intends to seek compensation for investment banking or other business relationships with the covered companies mentioned in this report in the next three months. The material, information and facts discussed in this report other than the information regarding ROTH Capital Partners, LLC and its affiliates, are from sources believed to be reliable, but are in no way guaranteed to be complete or accurate. This report should not be used as a complete analysis of the company, industry or security discussed in the report. Additional information is available upon request. This is not, however, an offer or solicitation of the securities discussed. Any opinions or estimates in this report are subject to change without notice. An investment in the stock may involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Additionally, an investment in the stock may involve a high degree of risk and may not be suitable for all investors. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of ROTH. Copyright 2024. Member: FINRA/SIPC.

( Companies Mentioned: WULF:NASDAQ, )

Source: Streetwise Reports 11/07/2024

Sanu Gold Corp. (SANU:CSE; SNGCF:OTCQB; L73:FRA) commenced inaugural phase one drilling, to comprise about 19 holes for up to 2,000 meters (2,000m), at its Diguifara project in Guinea, as announced in a news release. Diguifara is one of this Canadian mineral explorer's three claim blocks totaling 280 square kilometers in the country's Siguiri Basin, a prolific gold district in West Africa. The other two assets are Daina and Bantabaye.

The company plans to drill test three priority targets, Dig 1, Dig 2, and Dig 3, which cover a cumulative strike length of 3.2 kilometers (3.2 km). Auger-in-saprolite samples from these targets showed gold grades up to 4.8 grams per ton (4.8 g/t). Along with auger sampling of bedrock, Sanu previously completed extensive and systematic surface geochemistry and ground geophysical surveys at Diguifara.

Capital Ltd. will complete the drilling, using a large multipurpose rig to drill air core and reverse circulation holes. This company is experienced in drilling large deposits in Guinea, and its investment arm, Capital DI, is a Sanu shareholder. Capital will collect samples on-site and submit them to MSALABS in Bamako, Mali, for analysis.

Sanu Gold is excited to drill at Diguifara because it contains kilometer-scale geochemical and geophysical gold trends and strong gold mineralization in the weathered bedrock and is located within trucking distance to a large operating gold mine, President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Martin Pawlitschek told Streetwise Reports in an interview. He said the company could potentially monetize even a modest discovery of about 200,000–300,000 ounces (200–300 Koz) on the block due to this proximity to a major mine. Although it is important to point out that our target here is to make multi-million-ounce discoveries, our targets are large enough to potentially deliver this.

Diguifara is close to AngloGold Ashanti Plc.'s (AU:NYSE; ANG:JSE; AGG:ASX; AGD:LSE) Siguiri mine and mill, which produced gold since the mid-1990s, specifically 214 Koz last year. This South African gold miner owns 14% of Sanu.

"[AngloGold Ashanti has] a very hungry mill that will welcome additional ore feed from satellite deposits, and we're right in the range," said Pawlitschek.

In other news, Sanu announced separately that it added a new prospective gold target, Salat East, at its Daina claim block in the southeastern corner. There, artisanal miners started extracting mineralized material along a 500m-long, northeast-trending line of workings from a 5–8m wide structure dipping to the west. Daina already has an impressive pipeline of large footprint targets that will see drilling once the rig finishes at Diguifara.

"Salat East represents a new target with possible significant gold ounce potential," Pawlitschek said in the release.

Sanu intends to evaluate this target, with rock chip sampling, geological mapping and geophysics, prior to deciding whether or not to drill it.

Working to Discover Deposits

At Diguifara, Daina and Bantabaye, Sanu Gold is looking to discover multimillion-ounce gold deposits. The trio, in the Siguiri Basin, is surrounded by world-class operating mines and major new discoveries. Société Minière de Dinguiraye SA's Lefa, Hummingbird Resources Plc's (HUM:AIM) Kouroussa and Robex Resources Inc.'s (RBX:TSX.V) Kiniero and Predictive Discovery (PDI:ASX) with its 5.4million ounce Bankan project are some.

"We believe there is definitely that big potential on all three blocks," Pawlitschek told Streetwise.

Guinea and West Africa are pro-mining and looking to expand the industry, noted Sanu's CEO. Since the mid-1990s gold has been mined in Guinea. Last year, gold output there was 10% higher than in 2022, making Guinea the world's 23rd largest producer of the metal, according to GlobalData.

With contributions from operations in Guinea, and Ghana, Burkina Faso and Mali, West Africa has become a key gold mining region, reports the data analytics firm. It forecasts total gold production in West Africa this year will be 11,830,000 ounces.

Gold Continues Historic Climb

The gold price broke through the US$2,800 per ounce (US$2,800/oz) Wednesday, marking its fourth consecutive monthly gain, Reuters reported on Oct. 31. After, gold retreated, to end today at US$2756/oz.

"You're going to see a bit more consolidation," David Meger, director of metals trading at High Ridge Futures, told Reuters. "We have a lot of major impactful news next week, the U.S. election on Tuesday, Fed meeting on Wednesday. So it's really not surprising to see some traders take profits."

As for gold equities, the S&P/TSX Venture Composite Index (SPCDNX) confirmed a multidecade bull run for junior, intermediate, and senior mining stocks when it closed above 1,000 recently, Stewart Thomson with 321Gold wrote. The index is a key indicator of the health of the general gold, silver, and mining stocks market.

A reversal of outflows from gold exchange-traded funds occurred during Q3/24, and inflows during the quarter amounted to 95 tons, as reported by the World Gold Council, reported Ron Struthers of Struthers Resource Stock Report on Oct. 30. Positive inflows during the quarter came from all geographical regions, for holdings of 3,200 tons.

"All regions saw positive inflows during the quarter, which ended with collective holdings of 3,200 tons," the newsletter writer added. "Next year, we should be back to levels of 2020 and 2021. This will be fuel for a continued bull market."

Experts predict the gold price will continue its historic climb. Recently polled London Bullion Market Association members indicated they believe the gold price could reach US$2,940/oz during 2025, reported Stockhead.

Also, for 2025, InvestingHaven predicts US$3,100/oz gold. This is based on leading gold price indicators, including heightened inflation and increasing central bank demand, and from patterns on long-term gold charts, it noted.

The Catalysts: Drill Results

With drilling underway at Diguifara, results from the program could catalyze Sanu's stock, said Pawlitschek. They will be released when ready in about six to eight weeks.

Meanwhile, the gold company will tackle preparations for drilling untested targets at Daina, which will start soon. The scope of the campaign planned for Daina matches that is being carried out at Diguifara. [OWNERSHIP_CHART-10892]

"We have multiple targets that are going for 3, 4, up to 9 km strike lengths, some of them," the CEO said, referring to Diguifara and Daina.

When the initial phase at Daina is complete and results from Diguifara are back, we will likely go back to Difuifara for follow up drilling.

Ownership and Share Structure

According to the company's latest presentation, the largest share holders include strategic investors Anglo Gold Ashanti at 14 % and Capital at 10%.

Institutional investors include Scotia Global Asset Management, US Global Investors, Lowell Resources Funds Management, and Palos Management, which collectively make up 17% of the shareholders.

Management, founders and insider own around 22% with another 22% being held by high net worth individuals. 15% is held by retail investors.

The market cap for Sanu Gold is CA$17-18million with 238.5 million common shares. The 52-week range for the stock is CA$0.03 and CA$0.15.

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Important Disclosures:

1. Sanu Gold Corp. is a billboard sponsor of Streetwise Reports and pays SWR a monthly sponsorship fee between US$4,000 and US$5,000.
2. As of the date of this article, officers and/or employees of Streetwise Reports LLC (including members of their household) own securities of Sanu Gold Corp.
3. Doresa Banning wrote this article for Streetwise Reports LLC and provides services to Streetwise Reports as an independent contractor.
4. This article does not constitute investment advice and is not a solicitation for any investment. Streetwise Reports does not render general or specific investment advice and the information on Streetwise Reports should not be considered a recommendation to buy or sell any security. Each reader is encouraged to consult with his or her personal financial adviser and perform their own comprehensive investment research. By opening this page, each reader accepts and agrees to Streetwise Reports' terms of use and full legal disclaimer. Streetwise Reports does not endorse or recommend the business, products, services or securities of any company.

For additional disclosures, please click here.

( Companies Mentioned: SANU:CSE;SNGCF:OTCQB;L73:FRA, )

Source: Scott Searle 11/08/2024

Gogo Inc. (GOGO:NASDAQ) reported its Q3/24 financial results, and they slightly exceeded expectations, reported Scott Searle, managing director at Roth MKM, in a Nov. 5 research note.

The company provides in-flight connectivity services to business aviation markets through its North American terrestrial air-to-ground network.

137% Potential Return

Roth maintained its target price of US$15.50 per share on Gogo, noted Searle.

"We believe this provides a reasonable 12-plus-month target given the expected impact from two major new product cycles as we enter 2025," he wrote, referring to Galileo, the company's global inflight broadband service, and its 5G product line.

In comparison, the company's share price at the time of the report was about US$6.55 per share. From this price, the return to target reflects 137% upside.

Gogo remains a Buy.

Quarter's Highlights

Searle reported that Gogo's Q3/24 service revenue was a beat. At US$81.9 million (US$81.9M), it was slightly higher than that in Q2/24 and driven by modestly better-than-expected aircraft online, Searle reported. This revenue exceeded Roth's estimate by about US$300,000.

Also of note, Galileo is on track to launch in Q4/24, and Gogo continues to grow its portfolio of supplemental type certificates and partners around the world.

A Look Ahead

Gogo's outlook for 2024 of US$400-410M encompasses consensus' estimate, noted Searle. The company, though, has "pulled long-term guidance ahead of the Satcom Direct [acquisition] closing."

Roth expects Galileo and 5G will lead recovery, expected in late 2025.

In other news, noted Searle, Gogo Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Oakleigh Thorne will present at Roth's NYC Tech Event on Nov. 20.

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Important Disclosures:

1. Doresa Banning wrote this article for Streetwise Reports LLC and provides services to Streetwise Reports as an independent contractor.
2. This article does not constitute investment advice and is not a solicitation for any investment. Streetwise Reports does not render general or specific investment advice and the information on Streetwise Reports should not be considered a recommendation to buy or sell any security. Each reader is encouraged to consult with his or her personal financial adviser and perform their own comprehensive investment research. By opening this page, each reader accepts and agrees to Streetwise Reports' terms of use and full legal disclaimer. Streetwise Reports does not endorse or recommend the business, products, services or securities of any company.

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Disclosures for Roth MKM, Gogo Inc., November 5, 2024

Regulation Analyst Certification ("Reg AC"): The research analyst primarily responsible for the content of this report certifies the following under Reg AC: I hereby certify that all views expressed in this report accurately reflect my personal views about the subject company or companies and its or their securities. I also certify that no part of my compensation was, is or will be, directly or indirectly, related to the specific recommendations or views expressed in this report.

Disclosures: ROTH makes a market in shares of Gogo, Inc. and as such, buys and sells from customers on a principal basis.

ROTH Capital Partners, LLC expects to receive or intends to seek compensation for investment banking or other business relationships with the covered companies mentioned in this report in the next three months. The material, information and facts discussed in this report other than the information regarding ROTH Capital Partners, LLC and its affiliates, are from sources believed to be reliable, but are in no way guaranteed to be complete or accurate. This report should not be used as a complete analysis of the company, industry or security discussed in the report. Additional information is available upon request. This is not, however, an offer or solicitation of the securities discussed. Any opinions or estimates in this report are subject to change without notice. An investment in the stock may involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Additionally, an investment in the stock may involve a high degree of risk and may not be suitable for all investors. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of ROTH. Copyright 2024. Member: FINRA/SIPC.

( Companies Mentioned: GOGO:NASDAQ, )

Source: Rob Goff 11/11/2024

Volatus Aerospace Inc. (TSXV:FLT; OTCQX:TAKOF:ABBA.F) secured CA$2.8 million (CA$2.8M) through a private placement after having recently completed a financing package for CA$15M, reported Ventum Capital Markets analyst Rob Goff in a Nov. 6 research note. Volatus provides aerial intelligence solutions using drones and other aircraft systems, including inspections, surveillance, design, and sales.

"We believe the two financing rounds should be positively rewarded by investors for the financial flexibility they bring to Volatus, while the commitment of the two debt partners represents a strong validation," Goff wrote.

192% Return Implied

Goff reiterated Ventum's target price on the Canadian aircraft solutions provider of CA$0.38 per share. In comparison, it was trading at the time of the report at CA$0.13 per share. From this price, the return to target is 192%.

Volatus is a Buy.

Plans for Using the Funds

Goff discussed the private placement and Volatus' intended uses of it. For the offering, a total of 19,766,000 units was sold at CA$0.14 apiece. Each unit consists of one common Volatus voting share and one common Volatus voting share purchase warrant. With each warrant, the holder may purchase one Volatus common share for CA$0.20 per warrant share during the 24 months after the close of the raise.

"We believe the equity and debt financing will allow Volatus to invest in working capital to support higher equipment sales," an advantage its smaller peers do not have, Goff wrote.

The company expects to fund about CA$9–12M in unmet equipment sales demand, so Goff forecasts it will designate CA$3–4M to this purpose, to purchase working capital. Other uses of the proceeds are for research and development, capital expenditures and inventory.

Goff reported that Volatus wants to leverage every incremental CA$1M of invested working capital into about CA$3–4M of incremental equipment sales annually, aiming for gross profit margins of about 25% and modest incremental operating costs.

Volatus plans to use proceeds from the debt raise to back pay the outstanding CA$6M senior loan it has with a major Canadian bank. The company also intends to open a new secured line of credit to support anticipated growth. Current debt related to its fleet financing is about CA$5M.

Opportunities for Growth

With more balance sheet flexibility, Goff wrote, Volatus may pursue longer-term contracts with utilities and pipelines for inspection services using unmanned and manned fleets. This would position the company to become a leader in this specific market.

Volatus can monetize its portfolio of drones and landing stations. The U.S.' initiatives and intention to reduce use of Chinese-manufactured products could help drive this expansion. The company has third-party manufacturing capabilities to significantly boost its equipment sales.

"We anticipate that Volatus will leverage its unique software, network, and equipment capabilities, stewarded by an experienced and commercially focused leadership team," Goff wrote.

Future Financial Expectations

Goff discussed forecasts for merger synergies, EBITDA, and revenue. As for initial efficiencies achieved from Volatus' merger with Drone Delivery Canada, they should be seen in Volatus' Q4/24 and Q1/25 financial results, Goff wrote. Already, the company has exceeded CA$2.6M in cost synergies and expects to surpass CA$3M in the near term. By 2026, the company estimates revenue synergies will be about CA$5M-plus and will include initial traction gained from business-to-business cargo delivery.

Looking to 2025, Ventum expects Volatus to turn EBITDA break even in Q2/25 and produce CA$5.7M in positive EBITDA in 2025 versus Volatus' estimate of CA$10M-plus, Goff reported. Ventum estimates that Volatus will generate CA$60.3M in revenue in full-year 2025, less than Volatus' guidance of CA$70M+.

"We anticipate that Volatus will leverage its unique software, network, and equipment capabilities, stewarded by an experienced and commercially focused leadership team," wrote Goff.

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Important Disclosures:

1. Doresa Banning wrote this article for Streetwise Reports LLC and provides services to Streetwise Reports as an independent contractor.
2. This article does not constitute investment advice and is not a solicitation for any investment. Streetwise Reports does not render general or specific investment advice and the information on Streetwise Reports should not be considered a recommendation to buy or sell any security. Each reader is encouraged to consult with his or her personal financial adviser and perform their own comprehensive investment research. By opening this page, each reader accepts and agrees to Streetwise Reports' terms of use and full legal disclaimer. Streetwise Reports does not endorse or recommend the business, products, services or securities of any company.

For additional disclosures, please click here.

Disclosures for Ventum Capital Markets, Volatus Aerospace Inc., November 6, 2024

Analyst Certification I, Rob Goff, hereby certify that all of the views expressed in this report accurately reflect my personal views about the subject securities or issuers. I also certify that no part of my compensation was, is, or will be, directly or indirectly related to the specific recommendations or views expressed in this report. I am the research analyst primarily responsible for preparing this report.

Research Disclosures

1. Ventum Financial Corp. and its affiliates’ holdings in the subject company’s securities, in aggregate exceeds 1% of each company’s issued and outstanding securities.
2. Ventum Financial Corp. and/or its affiliates have received compensation for investment banking services for the subject company over the preceding 12- month period.
3. Ventum Financial Corp. and/or its affiliates expect to receive or intend to seek compensation for investment banking services from the subject company.
4. Ventum Financial Corp. and/or its affiliates have managed or co-managed a public offering of securities for the subject company in the past 12 months.

General Disclosure The affiliates of Ventum Financial Corp. are Ventum Financial (US) Corp., Ventum Financial Services Corp., and Ventum Capital Corp. Analysts are compensated through a combined base salary and bonus payout system. The bonus payout is amongst other factors determined by revenue generated directly or indirectly from various departments including Investment Banking. Evaluation is largely on an activity-based system that includes some of the following criteria: reports generated, timeliness, performance of recommendations, knowledge of industry, quality of research and investment guidance, and client feedback. Analysts and all other Research staff are not directly compensated for specific Investment Banking transactions. None of the material, nor its content, nor any copy of it, may be altered in any way, transmitted to, copied or distributed to any other party, without the prior express written permission of Ventum Financial Corp. Ventum Financial Corp.’s policies and procedures regarding dissemination of research, stock rating and target price changes can be reviewed on our corporate website at www.ventumfinancial.com (Research: Research and Conflict Disclosure).

Participants of all Canadian Marketplaces. Members: Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization, Canadian Investor Protection Fund and AdvantageBC International Business Centre - Vancouver. Estimates and projections contained herein are our own and are based on assumptions which we believe to be reasonable. Information presented herein, while obtained from sources we believe to be reliable, is not guaranteed either as to accuracy or completeness, nor in providing it does Ventum Financial Corp. assume any responsibility or liability. This information is given as of the date appearing on this report, and Ventum Financial Corp. assumes no obligation to update the information or advise on further developments relating to securities. Ventum Financial Corp. and its aೀiliates, as well as their respective partners, directors, shareholders, and employees may have a position in the securities mentioned herein and may make purchases and/or sales from time to time. Ventum Financial Corp. may act, or may have acted in the past, as a ೃnancial advisor, ೃscal agent or underwriter for certain of the companies mentioned herein and may receive, or may have received, a remuneration for their services from those companies. This report is not to be construed as an oೀer to sell, or the solicitation of an oೀer to buy, securities and is intended for distribution only in those jurisdictions where Ventum Financial Corp. is registered as an advisor or a dealer in securities. Any distribution or dissemination of this report in any other jurisdiction is strictly prohibited. Ventum Financial Corp. is a Canadian broker-dealer and is not subject to the standards or requirements of MiFID II. Readers of Ventum Financial Corp. research in the applicable jurisdictions should make their own eೀorts to ensure MiFID II compliance. For further disclosure information, reader is referred to the disclosure section of our website

( Companies Mentioned: TSXV:FLT;OTCQX:TAKOF:ABBA.F), )

The lineup from the "Justice League" animated series.; Credit: Warner Bros.

Bruce Timm's DC Comics animated universe, beginning with "Batman: The Animated Series" and continuing with "Superman," "Batman Beyond," "Justice League," "Justice League Unlimited" and more, remains one of the most beloved and critically acclaimed animated runs in existence. The run was so idenified with the producer that it was sometimes called the Timmverse, but the last show in that continuity ended in 2006 and Timm officially stepped down from working with DC animation in 2013.

Now Timm is back. He's providing a darker take than the optimistic world he became known for in "Justice League: Gods and Monsters," a three-part digital series launching spring 2015 that will be tied in with a full-length animated film that comes out later that year, according to a press release.

Timm's also re-teaming with Alan Burnett, who worked with Timm on "Batman: The Animated Series." It's part of DC Comics' efforts to set up their new film "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice," which hits in 2016, with the full Justice League film set for 2018.

DC Comics as a whole has been moving in a darker direction with Christopher Nolan's Batman trilogy, the "Man of Steel" reboot of Superman and a more serious direction in many of its comic books. The company has followed in its tradition of epic storytelling, passing on the quips Marvel has popularized in films from "Iron Man" to "Guardians of the Galaxy."

It's yet to be seen if Timm can recapture any of the magic from his classic cartoons, but there's reason to be optimistic for the creator of the series that introduced fan favorite Joker sidekick Harley Quinn, created a new origin for Mr. Freeze that cemented the character in the Batman mythos and led the team reimagining numerous characters in an iconic, broadly appealing way.

If you want to catch up on Timm's legacy, his previous two Justice League series are available on Netflix and Amazon Prime, along with "Batman Beyond," while the Batman and Superman animated series are available on Amazon Prime.

Timm also recently produced a short for the 75th anniversary of Batman called "Strange Days," setting the character in the retro world of the serialized pulp storytelling from the time Batman was originally created. You can watch that below:

Batman anniversary short

Watch the classic opening to "Batman: The Animated Series":

Batman: The Animated Series opening

And, a personal favorite joke from when Lex Luthor and the Flash trade bodies on "Justice League Unlimited":

Flash/Luthor body swap

"Red Band Society," premieres on Fox September 17th, starring Octavia Spencer, Charlie Rowe and Nolan Sotillo.; Credit: Fox Television Studios

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority is pulling ads for the Fox television show "Red Band Society" from nearly 200 buses amid complaints they are racist and offensive to women.

The ads show the ensemble cast's members in front of a wall with graffiti describing their characters.

A denigrating word for a woman is used to describe the show's star, Octavia Spencer's character.

The Los Angeles Times reports transit officials began pulling the ads on Wednesday. They had been up for five weeks.

The Red Band Society also shared the ad on its Facebook page in August. 

Facebook: #RedBandSociety ad

But it's since edited it to look like this.

Photo: New ad via Facebook

Protesters who attended Thursday's transit agency board meeting complained the depiction of Spencer's character is racist and offensive to women.

The actress, who plays a nurse in the hospital drama, is black.

She won a supporting actress Oscar for her role in "The Help."

The original cast of The Cosby Show. ; Credit: Frank Carroll/Associated Press

Thirty years ago, on September 20,"The Cosby Show" debuted on NBC and went on to dominate our screens for almost a decade.

The award-winning sitcom introduced us to the Huxtables, an upper-middle class black family  made up of Heathcliff, Clair and their five children. Plus a cast of ugly sweaters.

"The Cosby Show" covered familiar territory; from children getting body piercings, bad boyfriends and maintaining a long term relationship as parents with professional lives.

Speaking to Take Two's Alex Cohen, Mark Anthony Neal, professor of African and African American Studies at Duke University said "The Cosby Show" broke down racial stereotypes.

"It  really was the first program to present not just a middle class, or upper-middle class black family, but a professional family. Clair and Heathcliff Huxtable were educated, they had advanced degrees. It was an image we hadn't seen before."

From 1985 to 1990, "The Cosby Show" held the number one spot in the TV ratings war, appealing to audiences across color lines. Black viewers in particular welcomed a broader representation of African American life on screen, building on the success of shows such as "The Jeffersons", "Sanford and Son" and "Good Times". 

"Bill Cosby was very honest about the fact that when he conceived the character of Heathcliff Huxtable, he was looking for images that countered, say, Fred Sanford who was a junk dealer, or James Evans, Jr. in 'Good Times' who was always struggling to find a job. Bill Cosby wanted to bring a different view of the black family into the mix."

Despite its popularity, some people took issue with how "The Cosby Show" tackled race issues.

"It's not that black Americans didn't enjoy the show, but there were criticisms because it didn't explore the broader world of African Americans." says Professor Neal. "The Huxtable family became a stand in for the successes of the civil rights movement. It became the rationale that if the Huxtables can do it, why can't other African Americans do it?"

Today's media landscape is very different to the one "The Cosby Show" existed in. For this reason, says Professor Neal, its success has been difficult to replicate.

"Right after it went off the air, cable TV takes hold and we get this niche programming.  Many African American programs ended up on Fox, UPN and the WB, so there was no incentive for the major networks to do any Cosby-like programming with a black family at the center."

With the debut of ABC's "Blackish" on September 24, it's hoped this will go some way to fill the Cosby-shaped void. In the meantime there's always YouTube and re-runs. Just be thankful Heathcliff's ugly sweaters are a thing of the past.

Keyshia Cole performs during the 4th annual BET Honors at the Warner Theatre on Jan. 15, 2011 in Washington, DC.; Credit: Kris Connor/Getty Images

Police say Grammy-nominated R&B singer Keyshia Cole has been arrested on suspicion of battery after an altercation early Friday morning in Los Angeles.

Los Angeles police officer Nuria Vanegas says Cole was arrested around 5 a.m. after someone initiated a private person's arrest. The 32-year-old was booked on suspicion of battery and released from custody Friday afternoon.

Police did not release any further details about the incident.

An email message sent to Cole's publicist was not immediately returned.

Cole's second album, 2007's "Just Like You," produced the songs "Let It Go," ''I Remember" and "Heaven Sent."

We explore a special class of periodic graphs, ladder graphs, whose edges can coincide when embedded vertices are moved. Many of these exhibit additional non-crystallographic graph symmetries.