Randomized controlled trials have shown that zinc supplementation during diarrhea substantially reduces the incidence and severity. However, the effect of short-course prophylactic zinc supplementation has been observed only in children >12 months of age.

The current study was able to show that short-course prophylactic zinc supplementation significantly reduced diarrhea morbidity in apparently healthy infants of 6 to 11 months even after 5 months of follow-up. (Read the full article)

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are rooted in childhood. Vascular intima-media thickness (IMT) and elasticity are early surrogate markers of atherosclerosis. In adults, cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with enhanced arterial elasticity and decreased IMT.

Fitness was favorably associated with aortic IMT and elasticity in adolescents. The association was independent of several cardiometabolic risk factors. In fit adolescents, the increase in IMT during the preceding 6 years was smaller compared with low-fit peers. (Read the full article)

Pediatric palliative care (PC) can be beneficial to children with life-threatening conditions and their families by providing symptom management and control, sibling support, bereavement services, spiritual guidance, support in decision-making about limiting burdensome medical interventions, and advance directives.

Little is known about actual receipt of PC by dying children. This study compares characteristics of dying children by receipt of PC and highlights underserved patient groups who could be targeted to improve access. (Read the full article)

Although concussion is increasingly being diagnosed in the pediatric population, little is known about what factors lead to prolonged postconcussive symptoms in children. In particular, the effect of previous history of concussion on recovery from a repeat injury is unclear.

Children with a history of previous concussion, particularly recent or multiple concussions, are at increased risk for prolonged symptoms after concussion. This suggests that repeat concussion, particularly within a vulnerable time window, may lead to longer duration of symptoms. (Read the full article)

Internet, smartphones, and online social media offer new platforms for health promotion and disease management. Few studies have evaluated the use of digital technology among families receiving care in an urban pediatric primary care setting.

Caregivers in an urban pediatric primary care setting have access to and frequently use the Internet, smartphones, and online social media. These technologies may help reach a traditionally hard-to-reach population. (Read the full article)

Elevated blood pressure (BP) has long-term influence on the atherosclerotic process. The relative predictive ability of the standard BP definition endorsed by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program and the recently proposed 2 simplified definitions has not been studied.

Simplified pediatric BP tables predict risk of high adult arterial stiffness as well as the complex table does. These simple screening tools could be used for identifying pediatric subjects at risk and for intervening to improve adult cardiovascular outcomes. (Read the full article)

About one in five 2-year-olds are overweight, with potential adverse outcomes. Early feeding practices lay the foundation for food preferences and eating behavior and may contribute to future obesity risk. High-quality obesity prevention trials commencing in infancy are rare.

In this large randomized controlled trial, anticipatory guidance on the "when, what, and how" of complementary feeding was associated with increased maternal "protective" feeding practices. Differences in anthropometric indicators were in the expected direction but did not achieve statistical significance. (Read the full article)

The ideal management of children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) remains a source of debate. There is little evidence to support many of the current management practices for children with VUR who have had 1 or 2 urinary tract infections.

Baseline associations, including bladder and bowel dysfunction and imaging studies, from the largest randomized, controlled trial conducted to date aimed at assessing the value of antimicrobial prophylaxis in children with urinary tract infection and VUR are presented. (Read the full article)

Significant variation in the mortality of preterm infants has been observed among NICUs. Factors explaining this variation have been difficult to identify.

Sizable center differences in mortality exist, even among similarly sized NICUs in academic centers. Patient characteristics and center treatment rates explain some of the center effect, especially for the youngest infants, but a significant portion of these differences remains unexplained. (Read the full article)

Health care professionals face problems managing obesity and often fail to follow guidelines for its management in practice. Only a few single-country reports are available describing delivery of primary care to children with obesity.

Nearly all primary pediatric care providers from 4 European countries recognize the importance of obesity in pediatric practice, but only half use BMI clinically, and many lack the confidence and the infrastructure needed for providing care to patients with obesity. (Read the full article)

Preterm infants in the NICU receive the greatest number of transfusions of any patient population. The administration of the long-acting erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) darbepoetin to reduce or eliminate transfusions in preterm infants has not been evaluated.

Infants receiving ESAs received half the number of transfusions and were exposed to approximately half the donors compared with the placebo group. More than half of the ESA recipients (59% darbepoetin recipients, 52% erythropoietin recipients) remained untransfused during their hospitalization. (Read the full article)

Uric acid (UA) is associated with hypertension in children, after body weight adjustment. Whether the whole spectrum of variables, such as visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, puberty, and renal function, influence the relationship between UA and blood pressure is unknown.

In a cohort of children at relatively high cardiovascular risk, the association between UA and blood pressure levels is independent of several well-known factors implicated in the development of hypertension, such as insulin resistance, pubertal status, and renal function. (Read the full article)

Wrapping very preterm newborns in polyethylene bags in the delivery room reduces hypothermia on admission to the NICU, but many infants remain cold despite their use. Placing polyethylene-wrapped infants on exothermic mattresses may reduce hypothermia but increase hyperthermia.

Placing polyethylene-wrapped very preterm infants on exothermic mattresses in the delivery room results in more infants with abnormal temperature and more hyperthermia on admission to the NICU. (Read the full article)

Feeding difficulties often emerge during the neonatal period and affect neonatal growth. Growth throughout the first years of life is associated with children’s IQ scores and risk of behavioral problems.

Among infants born full term (≥37 weeks’ gestation) with birth weight ≥2500 g, gain in weight and head circumference during the neonatal period is associated with higher IQ, but not with behavior at 6.5 years of age. (Read the full article)

Monovalent rotavirus vaccine was introduced for infants in the United States in 2008. Previous US evaluations have not specifically assessed the performance of this vaccine under routine use.

Using the same methodology and covering the same time period, high effectiveness (~90%) was demonstrated for the monovalent and the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine series against rotavirus disease resulting in emergency department/inpatient care, in children up to 2 years of age. (Read the full article)

Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) was identified as an important cause of "severe" hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) during the 2011–2012 outbreak in North America. The atypical cutaneous features in this outbreak have not been well documented.

The cutaneous manifestations of CVA6-associated HFMD may be more extensive and variable than classic HFMD. Four distinct morphologies characterize this exanthem: (1) widespread vesiculobullous and erosive lesions, (2) "eczema coxsackium," (3) an eruption similar to Gianotti-Crosti, and (4) purpuric lesions. (Read the full article)

Popular press and research show that sibling aggression is common. Too often, however, it is dismissed as benign, and other forms of child aggression, such as peer aggression, are considered more serious. Peer aggression is linked to poorer mental health.

Using a national probability sample, we show that the nature and severity of sibling aggression have negative links to children’s and adolescents’ mental health. We demonstrate that sibling and peer aggression are comparable their links to symptoms of distress. (Read the full article)

Racial and ethnic differences exist in age at diagnosis and early access to mental and behavioral health services among children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). ASDs are also associated with increased rates of other medical comorbidities that may require specialty care.

Significant racial and ethnic differences in use of specialty care and specialty procedures exist among children with documented ASD. (Read the full article)

Several studies have investigated the prevalence of chronic daily headache (CDH) and analyzed the risk factors for its persistence. However, the etiologic factors that lead to new-onset CDH remain unsettled in adolescents.

This study was the first incidence study of CDH conducted in young adolescents. We reported the incidence rates and found that some risk factors for incident chronic migraine and chronic tension-type headache were different. (Read the full article)

Obesity is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. However, a proportion of overweight and obese youth remain free from cardiometabolic risk factors and are considered metabolically healthy.

This study provides insight into the determinants of cardiometabolic risk factors and the concept in health promotion of "fitness versus fatness." Hepatic lipid accumulation and not fitness level appears to drive cardiometabolic risk factor clustering among overweight and obese youth. (Read the full article)

Although unnecessary for children with headache and normal history, computed tomography (CT) scans are widely used. Fewer than 1% of pediatric brain abnormalities present with headache as the only symptom. Furthermore, repeated CT scans may increase lifetime risk of cancer.

CT scans continue to be used to diagnose isolated pediatric headaches despite existing practice parameters. Although emergency department visits were correlated with greater likelihood of CT scan use, these scans were widely used across a variety of clinical settings. (Read the full article)

Minority children are less likely than white children to be diagnosed and treated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, diagnosis patterns over time in early and middle childhood and whether confounding factors explain these disparities are not currently well understood.

Racial/ethnic disparities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis occur by kindergarten and continue until eighth grade. Racial/ethnic disparities among diagnosed children in medication use occur in both fifth and eighth grades. These disparities are not attributable to confounding factors. (Read the full article)

Infants born late preterm and early term are at increased risk for short-term morbidities compared with term infants. Longer-term morbidity and disability in this group of infants is not well established.

Massachusetts infants born late preterm and early term are at increased risk of early intervention program enrollment than term infants. Boys and children whose mothers were less educated, older, and with public insurance were most affected. (Read the full article)

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a genetic syndrome with multisystem abnormalities. Infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in affected patients and are typically attributed to anatomic abnormalities.

This study identified a high frequency of antibody immunodeficiency in CdLS subjects, indicating a critical need for screening and management of immunodeficiency in CdLS patients with a history of severe or recurrent infections. (Read the full article)

Screening for hypertension in asymptomatic children and adolescents occurs during routine care. For those with elevated blood pressure, a repeat measurement within 1 to 2 weeks is recommended. However, little is known about patterns of care after an incident elevated blood pressure.

In a population of 72 625 children and adolescents, 6108 (8.4%) had an incident elevated blood pressure. Among these, 1275 (20.9%) had their blood pressure measurement repeated within 1 month. However, few individuals with an incident elevated blood pressure subsequently developed hypertension. (Read the full article)

The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a devastating condition in neonates, varies geographically and with time. Although the most consistent risk factors are prematurity and low birth weight, it has not been convincingly shown to increase in the postsurfactant era.

The incidence of NEC, especially among the highly premature but also in more mature groups, has increased in recent decades, concurrent with dramatically improved early infant survival. Seasonal variation of NEC suggests environmental etiological factors. (Read the full article)

Functional somatic symptoms (FSS) in children account for 10% to 15% of visits in medical services. Few studies have investigated the full range of pediatric FSS and factors linked to the medical help-seeking for young children with these symptoms.

More parental worries, higher symptom severity and impact, and previous contact to medical services are found among the children with FSS who seek medical consultation. Putative risk mechanisms include the early pattern of health care use and parental worries. (Read the full article)

Violence involving firearms is a leading cause of death among US youth ages 14 to 24. The emergency department is the primary medical setting for care of assault-injured youth and an underused but important setting for violence-prevention programs.

Among assault-injured youth seeking emergency department care, firearm possession rates are high, most obtained outside of legal channels. Higher rates of negative retaliatory attitudes and substance use among those youth with firearms increases risk of future lethal violence. (Read the full article)

Studies have highlighted a lack of patient awareness of potential increased cancer risks associated with computed tomography (CT) scans in adult patients and in nonurgent settings. However, little is known about parental awareness of these risks in an emergency setting.

Approximately half of parents were aware of the potential cancer risks from CT scans in an emergency setting. Although risk disclosure moderately reduced willingness to proceed with recommended testing, almost all parents preferred an informed discussion before CT imaging. (Read the full article)

Children exposed to alcohol prenatally have increased risk of a range of developmental problems such as language delay, behavior problems, learning, and memory and cognitive deficits, all of which can have a negative impact on educational achievement.

The expression of learning problems varied with the dose, pattern, and timing of prenatal alcohol exposure. Test scores below national benchmarks for reading were associated with first trimester heavy alcohol exposure and for writing after late pregnancy occasional binge drinking. (Read the full article)

Language barriers adversely affect health care access, utilization, outcomes, and patient safety. Trained formal interpreters can improve care quality and safety, but many patients and families with limited English proficiency do not receive appropriate language services during health care encounters.

Despite continued growth of the US population with limited English proficiency, federal language use standards, and enhanced education about appropriate use of language services, there has been only modest improvement over time in pediatricians’ use of language services. (Read the full article)

Among infants with birth weights of 501 to 1500 g born between 2000 and 2009, mortality and major morbidities among survivors declined.

Obstetrical and neonatal care practices for infants 501 to 1500 g changed significantly from 2000 and 2009, particularly decreased conventional ventilation and use of steroids for chronic lung disease and increased nasal continuous positive airway pressure and surfactant treatment after delivery. (Read the full article)

Pain in children with cerebral palsy is underrecognized and undertreated and negatively affects quality of life. Communication challenges and multiple pain etiologies complicate management. There is a wide range of pain prevalence reported in the literature (14% to 73%).

The impact of pain on activities in children with cerebral palsy across a wide age range and motor abilities is investigated. Physician-identified causes of pain are systematically assessed and reported. Concordance of physician and caregiver identification of pain is evaluated. (Read the full article)

Brief periods of low oxygen saturation are common in infants while restrained in car safety seats. There is some evidence that an insert that allows the infant head to rest in a neutral position in sleep may reduce hypoxic episodes.

This randomized controlled study shows that the insert reduced numbers of obstructive apneas and the severity of desaturation events but did not significantly reduce the overall rate of moderate desaturations. (Read the full article)

Physical punishment is associated with a range of Axis I and II mental disorders in adulthood. More research is needed on the possible long-term relationship between physical punishment and physical health.

To our knowledge, this is the first nationally representative examination of harsh physical punishment and physical health. Harsh physical punishment in the absence of child maltreatment is associated with higher odds of cardiovascular disease (borderline significance), arthritis, and obesity. (Read the full article)

Several risk factors for both overweight and obesity in childhood are identifiable during infancy.

A simple risk algorithm can be used to quantify risk of overweight in children. It can be used to help identify at-risk infants in a clinical setting to facilitate targeted intervention. (Read the full article)

Many children exceed the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendation to limit non-educational screen media to < 2 hours per day. The household media environment shapes children's television viewing (TVV), and heavy screen time is associated with poor health outcomes.

Parent TVV is a stronger predictor of child TVV than traditional media "access" and "rules" variables regardless of child age. This research highlights an important factor of child TVV that has been underemphasized in most studies and outreach efforts. (Read the full article)

There is wide variation in testing and treatment of children hospitalized with pneumonia. Limited data are available on diagnostic testing patterns and the association of test utilization with disposition outcomes for children with pneumonia evaluated in the emergency department (ED).

Significant variation exists in testing for pediatric pneumonia. EDs that use more testing have higher hospitalization rates. However, ED revisit rates were not significantly different between high- and low-utilizing EDs, suggesting an opportunity to reduce testing without negatively affecting outcomes. (Read the full article)

Retinal hemorrhage (RH) is an important sign of pediatric abusive head trauma. Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is sometimes proposed as an alternate cause of RH in children being evaluated for possible child abuse.

Nontraumatic, markedly elevated ICP rarely causes RH in children. When it does, RH are superficial intraretinal and located adjacent to a swollen optic nerve head. This pattern does not match the widespread pattern seen in abusive head trauma. (Read the full article)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a leading cause of hospitalization among infants. Most estimates of RSV hospitalization rates are imprecise, having been calculated by using retrospective discharge diagnosis data and stratified age groups no narrower than 6 to 12 months.

Prospective, population-based surveillance data for infants hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection were combined with birth certificate information to yield more precise age-specific hospitalization rates. These data should help determine priorities for the use of existing and future RSV prophylaxis strategies. (Read the full article)

Patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE) have recurrent episodes of painful swelling. Several new therapies to prevent and treat HAE attacks are approved by the Food and Drug Administration, but their safety and efficacy in children are largely unknown.

Ecallantide appears effective for treatment of HAE attacks in pediatric patients age 10 to 17 years with an acceptable safety profile. It represents a potential treatment option for adolescents with HAE. (Read the full article)

Assessment of general movements (GM) in early infancy is predictive of adverse neurologic outcome, particularly cerebral palsy. There is limited evidence of the predictive value of GM for other domains of neurodevelopment such as language and cognitive impairment.

Abnormal GM in preterm infants in the first 3 months postterm are predictive of a range of neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood. GM at 3 months are more accurate at distinguishing later neurodevelopment impairment than those at 1 month. (Read the full article)

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a short-term complication of type 1 diabetes and is a major cause of preventable hospitalization in children. Hospital resource utilization and readmission rates for DKA across the US are not known.

Readmission for DKA within a year of hospitalization is common, accounting for one-fifth of all DKA admissions. Resource use, hospital length of stay, and readmission rates vary widely across major US children’s hospitals, even after adjusting for hospital differences in patients. (Read the full article)

The evaluation of blunt head trauma in children who undergo cranial computed tomography will occasionally reveal incidental findings. These findings may require further evaluation or intervention. The prevalence of incidental findings has previously been described using small cohorts, limiting generalizability.

This study is the largest pediatric multicenter description of the prevalence of incidental findings on cranial computed tomography. Incidental findings are categorized by urgency to describe the spectrum of abnormalities, providing a context for clinicians faced with these unexpected results. (Read the full article)

Neonatal infections are frequent complications in very preterm infants, already at high risk of neurologic and cognitive disabilities. Few studies have linked neonatal infections and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Those that did evaluated children only to the age of 22 months.

This study assessed the respective effects of early- and late-onset sepsis and their association with 5-year neurodevelopmental outcomes. We identified a significant and cumulative risk of cerebral palsy when episodes of early- and late-onset sepsis were associated. (Read the full article)

Variation in the emergency department (ED) use of radiographs for asthma, bronchiolitis, and croup exists. Unnecessary radiographs contribute to higher costs of care, decreased ED efficiency, and increased radiation in children.

Despite no changes in guidelines to support routine use, there is a significant upward trend in the use of radiographs for children with emergency department visits for asthma. Pediatric-focused EDs use significantly fewer radiographs for asthma, bronchiolitis, and croup. (Read the full article)

Effective ventilation is fundamental to successful resuscitation of newborns, but face mask leak and airway obstruction are common during manual positive-pressure ventilation in the delivery room, which may compromise resuscitation.

Compared with a soft, round silicone face mask, using a nasal tube to provide respiratory support in the delivery room does not reduce the rate of intubation but may be a suitable alternative with equivocal efficacy. (Read the full article)

The natural history of asthma during adolescence is dynamic because both remission and relapse are common. Remission has consistently been associated with mild asthma and the absence of sensitization.

One in 5 children with asthma remitted from age 7 to 19. Remission was defined as no wheezing and no medication for ≥3 years and was inversely related to female gender, sensitization to furred animals, and asthma severity at baseline. (Read the full article)

Although studies have examined family socioeconomic status as income and educational and employment status, emerging research suggests indicators of material hardship, such as diaper need, are increasingly important to child health. Diaper need has not been examined in the scientific literature.

This study quantifies diaper need, proposes a method to measure diaper need, and explores psychosocial and demographic variables associated with diaper need in a large sample of low-income families. (Read the full article)

Respiratory support is commonly given to newborn infants via a face mask in the delivery room. Respiratory support given to preterm infants via a single nasal prong may be more effective.

Compared with a face mask, using a single nasal prong to deliver respiratory support to preterm newborns did not result in less intubation and ventilation in the delivery room. (Read the full article)