1 Brazilian Real = 3.2326 Namibian Dollar

1 Brazilian Real = 679.7446 Colombian Peso

1 Brazilian Real = 1.2341 Chinese Yuan Renminbi

1 United Arab Emirates Dirham = 1412.8201 Zambian Kwacha

1 United Arab Emirates Dirham = 29.5264 Serbian Dinar

1 United Arab Emirates Dirham = 5.0448 Namibian Dollar

1 United Arab Emirates Dirham = 1060.8061 Colombian Peso

1 United Arab Emirates Dirham = 1.9259 Chinese Yuan Renminbi

1 Sri Lanka Rupee = 27.8231 Zambian Kwacha

1 Sri Lanka Rupee = 0.5815 Serbian Dinar

1 Sri Lanka Rupee = 0.0993 Namibian Dollar

1 Sri Lanka Rupee = 20.8907 Colombian Peso

1 Sri Lanka Rupee = 0.0379 Chinese Yuan Renminbi

1 Algerian Dinar = 40.4368 Zambian Kwacha

1 Algerian Dinar = 0.8451 Serbian Dinar

1 Algerian Dinar = 0.1444 Namibian Dollar

1 Algerian Dinar = 30.3617 Colombian Peso

1 Algerian Dinar = 0.0551 Chinese Yuan Renminbi

1 Indonesian Rupiah = 0.3478 Zambian Kwacha

1 Indonesian Rupiah = 0.0073 Serbian Dinar

1 Indonesian Rupiah = 0.0012 Namibian Dollar

1 Indonesian Rupiah = 0.2612 Colombian Peso

1 Indonesian Rupiah = 0.0005 Chinese Yuan Renminbi

1 Lithuanian Lita = 1757.5201 Zambian Kwacha

1 Lithuanian Lita = 36.7303 Serbian Dinar

1 Lithuanian Lita = 6.2757 Namibian Dollar

1 Lithuanian Lita = 1319.6218 Colombian Peso

1 Lithuanian Lita = 2.3958 Chinese Yuan Renminbi

1 Nigerian Naira = 13.3064 Zambian Kwacha

1 Nigerian Naira = 0.2781 Serbian Dinar

1 Nigerian Naira = 0.0475 Namibian Dollar

1 Nigerian Naira = 9.991 Colombian Peso

1 Nigerian Naira = 0.0181 Chinese Yuan Renminbi

1 Czech Republic Koruna = 206.4848 Zambian Kwacha

1 Czech Republic Koruna = 4.3153 Serbian Dinar

1 Czech Republic Koruna = 0.7373 Namibian Dollar

1 Czech Republic Koruna = 155.0377 Colombian Peso

1 Czech Republic Koruna = 0.2815 Chinese Yuan Renminbi

1 Bolivian Boliviano = 752.5726 Zambian Kwacha

1 Bolivian Boliviano = 15.728 Serbian Dinar

1 Bolivian Boliviano = 2.6872 Namibian Dollar

1 Bolivian Boliviano = 565.0639 Colombian Peso

1 Bolivian Boliviano = 1.0259 Chinese Yuan Renminbi

1 Japanese Yen = 48.6473 Zambian Kwacha

1 Japanese Yen = 1.0167 Serbian Dinar

1 Japanese Yen = 0.1737 Namibian Dollar

1 Japanese Yen = 36.5265 Colombian Peso

1 Japanese Yen = 0.0663 Chinese Yuan Renminbi

Orhan Pamuk on his “Turkish Library” and “buying books, as if to take revenge on the life I was fleeing.”

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When something big and expensive fails, we usually hear about it in the headlines.  Recent examples include the launch failure of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory and the setback at CERN, apparently caused by a dry solder joint, that resulted in a 12-month delay in their search for the Higgs particle. 

When something small and cheap fails, it rarely makes the headlines.  Unless, of course, it causes something big and expensive to fail - like a particle accelerator, a satellite or perhaps a semiconductor company. 

In the semiconductor industry, we have built up a system of safeguards and checks to minimize the risk of failure.  We apply these checks throughout the design process, and as a series of sign off steps that precede manufacture. 

I would be interested to understand whether other industries - e.g. avionics or automotive - have built up a similar infrastructure of pre-manufacturing sign off checks.  Do they rely on modeling during design, pre-manufacturing sign off or a combination of both?  Is there anything that we can learn from other industries?  Is there anything that they can learn from us?