Sister firm Sidewalk Labs cites Covid-19 as the reason for stepping back from its ambitious plan.

The tech giants plan to re-open offices soon but will allow staff to work remotely throughout 2020.

Two weeks after liberation, 95 London medical students arrived at Belsen to help care for survivors.

Parents have been turning to Google to help them teach the things they’ve forgotten.

Charities warn some children who are missing out on additional support at school are falling into crisis.

If universities are teaching online next term students will still have to pay full tuition fees.

What's it like in a school that has re-opened? Denmark and Germany show how it might look.

The situation for schools in Wales will not change on 1 June, the education minister says.

MPs consider a petition signed by 330,000, asking for students to get money back on fees this year.

Education unions say they want scientific evidence it is safe for teachers and pupils to return.

Cast and crews might have to quarantine together in the future when filming begins again.

The boy said he was travelling to California to buy a Lamborghini.

Park rangers in Africa say the closure of safari tourism is leading to an increase in poaching.

The Red Arrows fly over an empty central London to celebrate the 75th anniversary of VE Day.

Some of the stories from around the world that you may have missed this week.

The Queen commemorates the 75th anniversary of VE Day with a televised address to the UK.

Jen was present for, and actively participated in, the very beginnings of the creative and blogging web, and her famous book, now in its umpteenth edition, is still the best introduction to web design I know—probably the best that will ever be written.

The post My Brunch with Jen appeared first on Zeldman on Web & Interaction Design.

It’s one thing to seek diverse talent to add to your team, another to retain the people you’ve hired. Why do so many folks we bring in to add depth and breadth of experience to our design and business decision-making process end up leaving? Hear thoughtful, useful answers to this question and other mysteries of […]

The post A panel on accessibility, design inclusion and ethics, hiring and retaining diverse talent, and landing a job in UX. appeared first on Zeldman on Web & Interaction Design.

At React Conf 2019 we announced an experimental release of React that supports Concurrent Mode and Suspense. In this post we’ll introduce best practices for using them that we’ve identified through the process of building the new facebook.com.

This post will be most relevant to people working on data fetching libraries for React.

It shows how to best integrate them with Concurrent Mode and Suspense. The patterns introduced here are based on Relay — our library for building data-driven UIs with GraphQL. However, the ideas in this post apply to other GraphQL clients as well as libraries using REST or other approaches.

This post is aimed at library authors. If you’re primarily an application developer, you might still find some interesting ideas here, but don’t feel like you have to read it in its entirety.

Talk Videos

If you prefer to watch videos, some of the ideas from this blog post have been referenced in several React Conf 2019 presentations:

• Data Fetching with Suspense in Relay by Joe Savona
• Building the New Facebook with React and Relay by Ashley Watkins
• React Conf Keynote by Yuzhi Zheng

This post presents a deeper dive on implementing a data fetching library with Suspense.

Putting User Experience First

The React team and community has long placed a deserved emphasis on developer experience: ensuring that React has good error messages, focusing on components as a way to reason locally about app behavior, crafting APIs that are predictable and encourage correct usage by design, etc. But we haven’t provided enough guidance on the best ways to achieve a great user experience in large apps.

For example, the React team has focused on framework performance and providing tools for developers to debug and tune application performance (e.g. React.memo). But we haven’t been as opinionated about the high-level patterns that make the difference between fast, fluid apps and slow, janky ones. We always want to ensure that React remains approachable to new users and supports a variety of use-cases — not every app has to be “blazing” fast. But as a community we can and should aim high. We should make it as easy as possible to build apps that start fast and stay fast, even as they grow in complexity, for users on varying devices and networks around the world.

Concurrent Mode and Suspense are experimental features that can help developers achieve this goal. We first introduced them at JSConf Iceland in 2018, intentionally sharing details very early to give the community time to digest the new concepts and to set the stage for subsequent changes. Since then we’ve completed related work, such as the new Context API and the introduction of Hooks, which are designed in part to help developers naturally write code that is more compatible with Concurrent Mode. But we didn’t want to implement these features and release them without validating that they work. So over the past year, the React, Relay, web infrastructure, and product teams at Facebook have all collaborated closely to build a new version of facebook.com that deeply integrates Concurrent Mode and Suspense to create an experience with a more fluid and app-like feel.

Thanks to this project, we’re more confident than ever that Concurrent Mode and Suspense can make it easier to deliver great, fast user experiences. But doing so requires rethinking how we approach loading code and data for our apps. Effectively all of the data-fetching on the new facebook.com is powered by Relay Hooks — new Hooks-based Relay APIs that integrate with Concurrent Mode and Suspense out of the box.

Relay Hooks — and GraphQL — won’t be for everyone, and that’s ok! Through our work on these APIs we’ve identified a set of more general patterns for using Suspense. Even if Relay isn’t the right fit for you, we think the key patterns we’ve introduced with Relay Hooks can be adapted to other frameworks.

Best Practices for Suspense

It’s tempting to focus only on the total startup time for an app — but it turns out that users’ perception of performance is determined by more than the absolute loading time. For example, when comparing two apps with the same absolute startup time, our research shows that users will generally perceive the one with fewer intermediate loading states and fewer layout changes as having loaded faster. Suspense is a powerful tool for carefully orchestrating an elegant loading sequence with a few, well-defined states that progressively reveal content. But improving perceived performance only goes so far — our apps still shouldn’t take forever to fetch all of their code, data, images, and other assets.

The traditional approach to loading data in React apps involves what we refer to as “fetch-on-render”. First we render a component with a spinner, then fetch data on mount (componentDidMount or useEffect), and finally update to render the resulting data. It’s certainly possible to use this pattern with Suspense: instead of initially rendering a placeholder itself, a component can “suspend” — indicate to React that it isn’t ready yet. This will tell React to find the nearest ancestor <Suspense fallback={<Placeholder/>}>, and render its fallback instead. If you watched earlier Suspense demos this example may feel familiar — it’s how we originally imagined using Suspense for data-fetching.

It turns out that this approach has some limitations. Consider a page that shows a social media post by a user, along with comments on that post. That might be structured as a <Post> component that renders both the post body and a <CommentList> to show the comments. Using the fetch-on-render approach described above to implement this could cause sequential round trips (sometimes referred to as a “waterfall”). First the data for the <Post> component would be fetched and then the data for <CommentList> would be fetched, increasing the time it takes to show the full page.

There’s also another often-overlooked downside to this approach. If <Post> eagerly requires (or imports) the <CommentList> component, our app will have to wait to show the post body while the code for the comments is downloading. We could lazily load <CommentList>, but then that would delay fetching comments data and increase the time to show the full page. How do we resolve this problem without compromising on the user experience?

Render As You Fetch

The fetch-on-render approach is widely used by React apps today and can certainly be used to create great apps. But can we do even better? Let’s step back and consider our goal.

In the above <Post> example, we’d ideally show the more important content — the post body — as early as possible, without negatively impacting the time to show the full page (including comments). Let’s consider the key constraints on any solution and look at how we can achieve them:

• Showing the more important content (the post body) as early as possible means that we need to load the code and data for the view incrementally. We don’t want to block showing the post body on the code for <CommentList> being downloaded, for example.
• At the same time we don’t want to increase the time to show the full page including comments. So we need to start loading the code and data for the comments as soon as possible, ideally in parallel with loading the post body.

This might sound difficult to achieve — but these constraints are actually incredibly helpful. They rule out a large number of approaches and spell out a solution for us. This brings us to the key patterns we’ve implemented in Relay Hooks, and that can be adapted to other data-fetching libraries. We’ll look at each one in turn and then see how they add up to achieve our goal of fast, delightful loading experiences:

1. Parallel data and view trees
2. Fetch in event handlers
3. Load data incrementally
4. Treat code like data

Parallel Data and View Trees

One of the most appealing things about the fetch-on-render pattern is that it colocates what data a component needs with how to render that data. This colocation is great — an example of how it makes sense to group code by concerns and not by technologies. All the issues we saw above were due to when we fetch data in this approach: upon rendering. We need to be able to fetch data before we’ve rendered the component. The only way to achieve that is by extracting the data dependencies into parallel data and view trees.

Here’s how that works in Relay Hooks. Continuing our example of a social media post with body and comments, here’s how we might define it with Relay Hooks:

// Post.js
function Post(props) {
  // Given a reference to some post - `props.post` - *what* data
  // do we need about that post?
  const postData = useFragment(graphql`
    fragment PostData on Post @refetchable(queryName: "PostQuery") {
      author
      title
      # ...  more fields ...
    }
  `, props.post);

  // Now that we have the data, how do we render it?
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{postData.title}</h1>
      <h2>by {postData.author}</h2>
      {/* more fields  */}
    </div>
  );
}

Although the GraphQL is written within the component, Relay has a build step (Relay Compiler) that extracts these data-dependencies into separate files and aggregates the GraphQL for each view into a single query. So we get the benefit of colocating concerns, while at runtime having parallel data and view trees. Other frameworks could achieve a similar effect by allowing developers to define data-fetching logic in a sibling file (maybe Post.data.js), or perhaps integrate with a bundler to allow defining data dependencies with UI code and automatically extracting it, similar to Relay Compiler.

The key is that regardless of the technology we’re using to load our data — GraphQL, REST, etc — we can separate what data to load from how and when to actually load it. But once we do that, how and when do we fetch our data?

Fetch in Event Handlers

Imagine that we’re about to navigate from a list of a user’s posts to the page for a specific post. We’ll need to download the code for that page — Post.js — and also fetch its data.

Waiting until we render the component has problems as we saw above. The key is to start fetching code and data for a new view in the same event handler that triggers showing that view. We can either fetch the data within our router — if our router supports preloading data for routes — or in the click event on the link that triggered the navigation. It turns out that the React Router folks are already hard at work on building APIs to support preloading data for routes. But other routing frameworks can implement this idea too.

Conceptually, we want every route definition to include two things: what component to render and what data to preload, as a function of the route/url params. Here’s what such a route definition might look like. This example is loosely inspired by React Router’s route definitions and is primarily intended to demonstrate the concept, not a specific API:

// PostRoute.js (GraphQL version)

// Relay generated query for loading Post data
import PostQuery from './__generated__/PostQuery.graphql';

const PostRoute = {
  // a matching expression for which paths to handle
  path: '/post/:id',

  // what component to render for this route
  component: React.lazy(() => import('./Post')),

  // data to load for this route, as function of the route
  // parameters
  prepare: routeParams => {
    // Relay extracts queries from components, allowing us to reference
    // the data dependencies -- data tree -- from outside.
    const postData = preloadQuery(PostQuery, {
      postId: routeParams.id,
    });

    return { postData };
  },
};

export default PostRoute;

Given such a definition, a router can:

• Match a URL to a route definition.
• Call the prepare() function to start loading that route’s data. Note that prepare() is synchronous — we don’t wait for the data to be ready, since we want to start rendering more important parts of the view (like the post body) as quickly as possible.
• Pass the preloaded data to the component. If the component is ready — the React.lazy dynamic import has completed — the component will render and try to access its data. If not, React.lazy will suspend until the code is ready.

This approach can be generalized to other data-fetching solutions. An app that uses REST might define a route like this:

// PostRoute.js (REST version)

// Manually written logic for loading the data for the component
import PostData from './Post.data';

const PostRoute = {
  // a matching expression for which paths to handle
  path: '/post/:id',

  // what component to render for this route
  component: React.lazy(() => import('./Post')),

  // data to load for this route, as function of the route
  // parameters
  prepare: routeParams => {
    const postData = preloadRestEndpoint(
      PostData.endpointUrl, 
      {
        postId: routeParams.id,
      },
    );
    return { postData };
  },
};

export default PostRoute;

This same approach can be employed not just for routing, but in other places where we show content lazily or based on user interaction. For example, a tab component could eagerly load the first tab’s code and data, and then use the same pattern as above to load the code and data for other tabs in the tab-change event handler. A component that displays a modal could preload the code and data for the modal in the click handler that triggers opening the modal, and so on.

Once we’ve implemented the ability to start loading code and data for a view independently, we have the option to go one step further. Consider a <Link to={path} /> component that links to a route. If the user hovers over that link, there’s a reasonable chance they’ll click it. And if they press the mouse down, there’s an even better chance that they’ll complete the click. If we can load code and data for a view after the user clicks, we can also start that work before they click, getting a head start on preparing the view.

Best of all, we can centralize that logic in a few key places — a router or core UI components — and get any performance benefits automatically throughout our app. Of course preloading isn’t always beneficial. It’s something an application would tune based on the user’s device or network speed to avoid eating up user’s data plans. But the pattern here makes it easier to centralize the implementation of preloading and the decision of whether to enable it or not.

Load Data Incrementally

The above patterns — parallel data/view trees and fetching in event handlers — let us start loading all the data for a view earlier. But we still want to be able to show more important parts of the view without waiting for all of our data. At Facebook we’ve implemented support for this in GraphQL and Relay in the form of some new GraphQL directives (annotations that affect how/when data is delivered, but not what data). These new directives, called @defer and @stream, allow us to retrieve data incrementally. For example, consider our <Post> component from above. We want to show the body without waiting for the comments to be ready. We can achieve this with @defer and <Suspense>:

// Post.js
function Post(props) {
  const postData = useFragment(graphql`
    fragment PostData on Post {
      author
      title

      # fetch data for the comments, but don't block on it being ready
      ...CommentList @defer
    }
  `, props.post);

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{postData.title}</h1>
      <h2>by {postData.author}</h2>
      {/* @defer pairs naturally with <Suspense> to make the UI non-blocking too */}
      <Suspense fallback={<Spinner/>}>
        <CommentList post={postData} />
      </Suspense>
    </div>
  );
}

Here, our GraphQL server will stream back the results, first returning the author and title fields and then returning the comment data when it’s ready. We wrap <CommentList> in a <Suspense> boundary so that we can render the post body before <CommentList> and its data are ready. This same pattern can be applied to other frameworks as well. For example, apps that call a REST API might make parallel requests to fetch the body and comments data for a post to avoid blocking on all the data being ready.

Treat Code Like Data

But there’s one thing that’s still missing. We’ve shown how to preload data for a route — but what about code? The example above cheated a bit and used React.lazy. However, React.lazy is, as the name implies, lazy. It won’t start downloading code until the lazy component is actually rendered — it’s “fetch-on-render” for code!

To solve this, the React team is considering APIs that would allow bundle splitting and eager preloading for code as well. That would allow a user to pass some form of lazy component to a router, and for the router to trigger loading the code alongside its data as early as possible.

Putting It All Together

To recap, achieving a great loading experience means that we need to start loading code and data as early as possible, but without waiting for all of it to be ready. Parallel data and view trees allow us to load the data for a view in parallel with loading the view (code) itself. Fetching in an event handler means we can start loading data as early as possible, and even optimistically preload a view when we have enough confidence that a user will navigate to it. Loading data incrementally allows us to load important data earlier without delaying the fetching of less important data. And treating code as data — and preloading it with similar APIs — allows us to load it earlier too.

Using These Patterns

These patterns aren’t just ideas — we’ve implemented them in Relay Hooks and are using them in production throughout the new facebook.com (which is currently in beta testing). If you’re interested in using or learning more about these patterns, here are some resources:

• The React Concurrent docs explore how to use Concurrent Mode and Suspense and go into more detail about many of these patterns. It’s a great resource to learn more about the APIs and use-cases they support.
• The experimental release of Relay Hooks implements the patterns described here.

• We’ve implemented two similar example apps that demonstrate these concepts:

  • The Relay Hooks example app uses GitHub’s public GraphQL API to implement a simple issue tracker app. It includes nested route support with code and data preloading. The code is fully commented — we encourage cloning the repo, running the app locally, and exploring how it works.
  • We also have a non-GraphQL version of the app that demonstrates how these concepts can be applied to other data-fetching libraries.

While the APIs around Concurrent Mode and Suspense are still experimental, we’re confident that the ideas in this post are proven by practice. However, we understand that Relay and GraphQL aren’t the right fit for everyone. That’s ok! We’re actively exploring how to generalize these patterns to approaches such as REST, and are exploring ideas for a more generic (ie non-GraphQL) API for composing a tree of data dependencies. In the meantime, we’re excited to see what new libraries will emerge that implement the patterns described in this post to make it easier to build great, fast user experiences.

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React Native continues on a development spree in late 2016. With an ambitious two-week release cycle, the framework makes rapid progress towards feature and performance parity with its native Android and iOS equivalents. At the same time, these quick release periods frequently introduce breaking changes, difficulty with setup, and challenges with basic configuration.

Enter Exponent, a tool that promises easier setup, development, and deployment of React Native applications. Rather than being a replacement for React Native, as it is sometimes confused, Exponent augments React Native by dramatically simplifying the development and deployment processes. Whereas basic setup with an Android environment to develop with React Native can take over an hour by hand, even for experienced engineers, Exponent shortens the time to start to “Hello World” to a handful of minutes.

React Native continues on a development spree in late 2016. With an ambitious two-week release cycle, the framework makes rapid progress towards feature and performance parity with its native Android and iOS equivalents. At the same time, these quick release periods frequently introduce breaking changes, difficulty with setup, and challenges with basic configuration.

Enter Exponent, a tool that promises easier setup, development, and deployment of React Native applications. Rather than being a replacement for React Native, as it is sometimes confused, Exponent augments React Native by dramatically simplifying the development and deployment processes. Whereas basic setup with an Android environment to develop with React Native can take over an hour by hand, even for experienced engineers, Exponent shortens the time to start to “Hello World” to a handful of minutes.

Exponent’s prime feature is revealed as it’s namesake IDE. The Exponent IDE is development platform for not only developing apps to test in their respective environment simulators, but also simplifies testing them on real devices.

One of the cofounders of Exponent, Charlie Cheever, agreed to answer a few questions about Exponent and its purpose in the community.

Hi, Charlie. Congrats on the release of Exponent! One of the toughest aspects of Exponent is understanding what its purpose is. What is the primary goal of Exponent?

Thanks :)

Before I worked on mobile software, I spent about 15 years making websites. When I started working on the Quora iPhone app and Android app, it felt like time traveling back to 1993. So many things to worry about that have nothing to do with the product you want to build.

One thing we’re trying to do with Exponent is making it as easy to develop native mobile apps as it is to make websites, or even easier! I think about how I learned to build software as a kid–making games on my TI-85 and making Hypercard stacks–and I want to make it so that the middle school kids of today can make cool stuff for themselves and their friends.

Basic environment setup of the iOS and Android simulators for developing React Native apps is commonly cited as a headache by new developers. What does Exponent do to alleviate this pain?

The biggest thing that Exponent does is take care of everything related to native code for you. So you don’t need to know Swift/Obj-C/Java or even have Xcode or Android Studio to be able to write React Native apps. You write just JavaScript and Exponent has everything else already setup for you.

Since you don’t write any native code with Exponent, just JavaScript, Exponent has a lot of the most popular native modules built in. Native maps, push notifications, Facebook and Google login, camera and camera roll access, contacts, TouchID, and a native video player are all included among other things. We’re always adding more of these as well. We just added full OpenGL support last week and did a game jam and made some mini games with it and are adding sound soon.

We sometimes talk about Exponent as being like Rails for React Native. You could write a website in Ruby on your own. but Rails sets up a bunch of sensible things right off that bat that work together in a coherent way and we kind of do the same thing for React Native. Exponent includes instant app updating as a default, so you can deploy new code and assets with one command in seconds, even faster than most websites can be deployed.

Even after getting set up with the Android and iOS simulators, testing a React Native app on a real phone can still be a challenge. How does Exponent make it easier to share apps in progress with would-be users?

You can actually open any Exponent project that you’re working on in our development app right away. When you develop with Exponent, you get a URL for your project, and you can open that URL on any phone with the Exponent developer app which you can download from the iOS App Store or Google Play Store. You don’t need to jack your phone into your computer–just open the URL.

Another really cool thing about this is that, if you’re working with someone else, you can just send them the URL and they can open it on their phone as well, even if they are halfway around the world.

We’ve done a bunch of work to make this pretty nice, like having console.log work even if the phone running your code isn’t plugged into your computer. And you can, of course, open your project on the iOS Simulator or an Android Emulator as well if you prefer.

I know you mentioned a lot of people have trouble getting React Native setup on Android especially. With Exponent, every project works on both iOS and Android from the start and you never have to deal with Android Studio, so the process of getting going is much easier.

What type, or genre, of application would be a good fit with React Native and Exponent?

I would actually use React Native for almost any mobile app at this point. Doing development the traditional way (writing Swift/Java/Obj-C code) is just too hard to iterate on when you consider the slowness of the code-compile-copy-run loop and the fact that you have to write your app twice (and then keep it in sync!). The other thing that is an absolutely huge deal here but is sometimes overlooked is the layout engine. It’s much easier to build and change a layout in React Native’s Flexbox than any of the UI libraries that I’ve seen for Java/Swift/Obj-C.

And if you need to do something really intense, like Snapchat live video filters, you can just write your own code as a native module and write the rest of your app in JS.

I would use Exponent for anything I could because it just saves a lot of time and headaches since you don’t need to deal with Android Studio or Xcode. Some people don’t know that you can turn an Exponent project into an app store app for iOS or for Android with just one command.

In general, Exponent will work for you in pretty much every case where just having a mobile website is one of the things that you’re considering. The features are pretty equivalent except that Exponent apps feel like native apps and mobile apps still feel like mobile web apps.

The main reason not to use Exponent is if you have some custom native code that you need that isn’t included with Exponent. The most common reasons that people can’t use Exponent are if they need use Bluetooth or HealthKit or something else low level that isn’t built in to Exponent; or if they need to integrate into an existing project (though we are working right now on a solution that will let you do this).

The exception to all this is games. If you are making a mobile game, Unity is probably the best choice for you. But we did add OpenGL support to Exponent recently and had a game jam and I was surprised at how good some of the entries were, so I think that might change.

TL;DR: For apps that aren’t games, always use React Native (if you need to do something super custom, just do it as a native module). If you can, use Exponent (you can most of the time but check our docs to make sure we’re not missing anything you need).

One aspect of React Native that seems to be undergoing constant flux is its solution for navigation. Between the built in Navigators and open source solutions, do you have any thoughts on an ideal solution for navigation?

Short version: I think you should use Ex-Navigation that Adam Miskiewicz (skevy) and Brent Vatne on our team wrote. Skevy in particular has been thinking about navigation in mobile apps and React Native for a long time. Using Ex-Navigation is definitely a better idea than Navigator or NavigatorIOS.

To make things confusing, there is also NavigatorExperimental (yes, that’s different from Ex-Navigation) and ExNavigator (which was made by James Ide and Ex-Navigation is based on). The good news is that everyone working on these problems got together and decided to merge them all together. I don’t know how long that is going to take but it will probably be released sometime in the next few months under the name React Navigation, and that should unify everyone’s efforts!

There is also this other school of thought where some people like to use the platform-specific native code for navigation which is the approach that the Wix Navigator uses. I have a strong personal view that its preferable to write UI components like this in JS because I actually think you want your app to be the same across iOS and Android (they are both just black rectangles with touch screens!) and JS tends to make your code more composable and customizable.

Use Ex-Navigation and keep an eye out for React Navigation! Use JS instead of native for this UI code!

Given the increasingly fast development and deployment times, handling API setup for dealing with data is becoming a large obstacle to React Native apps. Do you have any thoughts about the use of Backend-As-A-Service solutions like Firebase compared to rolling your own API with Node/Express, Rails, or similar?

I don’t have a strongly held view on this right now. There are so many solutions that fit the use cases of people with different needs. We’re seeing things getting easier and easier in every direction that you look.

If you want to write your own code and you’re using JS, you can use something like Zeit’s new now stuff to deploy essentially instantly. If you want a more general purpose solution, Heroku is also really easy. And then of course there is AWS and Google Cloud, etc.

It’s trivially easy for React Native apps to communicate with essentially any backend that uses HTTP/JSON since fetch and JSON.parse are built-in.

If you don’t want to write any code, it seems like Firebase has become the most popular solution since Parse announced its shutdown. One nice thing about Firebase is that you can use their hosted database stuff with React Native using just JS, which means it works just fine with Exponent. Someone wrote up a guide to how to do this here: https://gist.github.com/sushiisumii/d2fd4ae45498592810390b3e05313e5c

Longer term, it seems like something like GraphQL/Relay should become really popular, but that stuff is too hard to setup and use still to be mainstream just yet. I’m not sure whether it will be GraphQL/Relay maturing and getting revised that wins or something else that is slightly different and easy to think about as a developer that comes and beats it, but directionally, it’s definitely right. We built something like this at Quora and it saved a ton of development time.

I would just use whatever you are most comfortable with – almost anything will work! React Native is really similar to the the web in terms of its client capabilities and so I would just think about a React Native or Exponent app as being mostly like a website.

React is a good tool when it comes to building flexible and reusable UI components. However, it’s “one of those libraries” that cannot handle all the tasks involved in building a full fleshed UI project. Other supporting tools - such as a recently announced React SDK from Cloudinary - are available to provide solutions that the React core cannot.

In such cases where media (images and videos) becomes a heavy task to handle, Cloudinary simplifies the process with the new React SDK. Let’s build and image library with Cloudinary and React using the Cloudinary’s React SDK.

Prerequisites

The only requirements for using Cloudinary in your existing React project are to install the React SDK and the upload widget. If you do not have an existing React project and want to try these examples, take the following steps:

1. Install Dependencies

We need a minimal amount of dependencies so we can focus on building a media library and not structuring a React app:

{
  "name": "img-library",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "",
  "main": "index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "watch": "webpack -d --watch",
    "build": "webpack",
    "serve": "serve ./public"
  },
  "author": "",
  "license": "MIT",
  "devDependencies": {
    "babel-core": "^6.18.2",
    "babel-loader": "^6.2.9",
    "babel-preset-es2015": "^6.18.0",
    "babel-preset-react": "^6.16.0",
    "serve": "^1.4.0",
    "webpack": "^1.14.0"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "axios": "^0.15.3",
    "cloudinary-react": "^1.0.1",
    "react": "^15.4.1",
    "react-dom": "^15.4.1"
  }
}

React (and React DOM) must be used since we are making a React app. The cloudinary-react dependency is Cloudinary’s React SDK, which we will soon see how it works. axios is a tool for making HTTP requests and, in our case, we will use it request images from the Cloudinary server.

# Install dependencies
npm install

2. Setup Webpack

Webpack is our build tool. Only minimal settings are required to have a build running and our React app compiling:

// ./webpack.config.js
var webpack = require('webpack');
var path = require('path');

var BUILD_DIR = path.resolve(__dirname, 'public');
var APP_DIR = path.resolve(__dirname, 'src');

var config = {
    entry: APP_DIR + '/index.jsx',
    output: {
        path: BUILD_DIR,
        filename: 'bundle.js'
    },
    module : {
        loaders : [
            {
                test : /.jsx?/,
                include : APP_DIR,
                loader : 'babel'
            }
        ]
    }
};

module.exports = config;

Basic configuration - an entry, output and loaders to handle the React .jsx files.

3. Entry Points

We need to create an entry point, as we specified in the Webpack configuration, and another entry point for the browser, which is an index.html file:

// ./src/index.jsx
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import { render } from 'react-dom';

class Main extends Component {
    render() {
        return (
           <div className="main">
               <h1>Scotchage</h1>
           </div>
        );
    }
}

render(<Main />, document.getElementById('container'));

<!-- ./public/index.html -->
<html>
<head>
    <!--Stylesheet-->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
</head>
<body>
    <!--Container for React rendering-->
    <div id="container"></div>
    <!--Bundled file-->
    <script src="bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

4. Create Cloudinary Account

You need a Cloudinary account to continue with these examples. Sign up for free and store your credentials safely as shown on the dashboard:

Uploading Images

Before using the React SDK to deliver images from the Cloudinary servers, let’s use the awesome Cloudinary upload widget to upload images. First, we need to add this widget to our index.html:

<!-- ./public/index.html -->
<html>
<head>
   . . .
</head>
<body>
    . . .
    <!-- UPLOAD WIDGET -->
    <script src="//widget.cloudinary.com/global/all.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Next, we create a button, attach an event to it and upload an image once the button is clicked:

import React, { Component } from 'react';
import { render } from 'react-dom';

class Main extends Component {

    uploadWidget() {
        cloudinary.openUploadWidget({ cloud_name: 'CLOUD_NAME', upload_preset: 'PRESET', tags:['xmas']},
            function(error, result) {
                console.log(result);
            });
    }
    render(){
        return (
            <div className="main">
                <h1>Galleria</h1>
                <div className="upload">
                    <button onClick={this.uploadWidget.bind(this)} className="upload-button">
                        Add Image
                    </button>
                </div>
            </div>

        );
    }
}

render(<Main />, document.getElementById('container'));

The uploadWidget member method is the handler invoked by the click event to handle our image upload by calling cloudinary.openUploadWidget. openUploadWidget takes a config object and the upload callback handler. The config object must have at least cloud_name and upload_preset properties with valid values. You can read more about Cloud Names and Upload Presets.

Delivering Images with SDK

The Cloudinary React SDK has three major components, Image, CloudinaryContext and Transformation:

• Image: This component is responsible for the actual delivery of images. It takes the image ID and asks the server for this image. When the image is provided, it is also responsible for painting the image on the browser.
• Transformation: This component is used to apply transformations to images delivered with Image.
• CloudinaryContext: You can specify Cloudinary configuration for each image on the Image component. This can be tedious when you are dealing with multiple images. CloudinaryContext allows you to apply configuration to a group of Images.

Most times you would end up with a structure like this:

<CloudinaryContext>
    <Image>
        <Transformation />
        <Transformation />
    </Image>
    <Image>
        <Transformation />
    </Image>
</CloudinaryContext>

Back to our demo app, we can request an image from the Cloudinary server and display it with the following components:

import React, { Component } from 'react';
import axios from 'axios';
import { CloudinaryContext, Transformation, Image } from 'cloudinary-react';
import { render } from 'react-dom';

class Main extends Component {
    constructor(props) {
        super(props);
        this.state = {
            gallery: []
        }
    }
    componentDidMount() {
    // Request for images tagged xmas       
axios.get('http://res.cloudinary.com/christekh/image/list/xmas.json')
            .then(res => {
                console.log(res.data.resources);
                this.setState({gallery: res.data.resources});
            });
    }
    uploadWidget() {
       // . . .
    }
    render(){
        return (
            <div className="main">
                <h1>Galleria</h1>
                <div className="gallery">
                    <CloudinaryContext cloudName="CLOUDNAME">
                        {
                            this.state.gallery.map(data => {
                                return (
                                    <div className="responsive" key={data.public_id}>
                                        <div className="img">
                                            <a target="_blank" href={`http://res.cloudinary.com/christekh/image/upload/${data.public_id}.jpg`}>
                                                <Image publicId={data.public_id}>
                                                    <Transformation
                                                        crop="scale"
                                                        width="300"
                                                        height="200"
                                                        dpr="auto"
                                                        responsive_placeholder="blank"
                                                    />
                                                </Image>
                                            </a>
                                            <div className="desc">Created at {data.created_at}</div>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                )
                            })
                        }
                    </CloudinaryContext>
                    <div className="clearfix"></div>
                </div>
            </div>

        );
    }
}

render(<Main />, document.getElementById('container'));

Take one more look at the upload code:

 cloudinary.openUploadWidget({ cloud_name: 'christekh', upload_preset: 'idcidr0h', tags:['xmas']},
            function(error, result) {
            . . .

Each image is tagged with xmas, which serves as a way to request images with this tag as a collection. This is exactly what we are using the axios library to do when the component mounts:

axios.get('http://res.cloudinary.com/CLOUDNAME/image/list/xmas.json')
            .then(res => {
                console.log(res.data.resources);
                this.setState({gallery: res.data.resources});
            });

axios uses promises, so whenever the promise resolves in our case, we have a payload of images. We take advantage of React state to update our UI with the fetched resources.

Down to rendering, we configure the CloudinaryContext with our cloud_name, iterate over the gallery state that stores the images and displays them using the Image component. We also apply few transformations using the Transformation component.

For security reasons, Cloudinary will not allow you to make such request from the client unless you tell it to. The best way to go is to use the admin API via a backend SDK and then send the resource list to the client.

Updating State with New Uploads

We are able to upload images and request for images to be displayed on the user’s browsers. Here is how we update the displayed images instantly when the user uploads a new image:

uploadWidget() {
        let _this = this;
        cloudinary.openUploadWidget({ cloud_name: 'CLOUDNAME', upload_preset: 'PRESET', tags:['xmas']},
            function(error, result) {
            // Update gallery state with newly uploaded image
                _this.setState({gallery: _this.state.gallery.concat(result)})
            });
    }

Rather than logging the uploaded image information to the console, we update the gallery state, which bears the list of requested images, by concatenating the uploaded result to the gallery.

Image Management Simplified

Image uploads, transformation and delivery has never been easier. These tasks have been a serious challenge for developers. Cloudinary has created a way to abstract all this hard work, enabling you to simply plug and play.

You won’t find as many styling solutions for React Native as you will for React JS. This stems from two simple realities:

1. React Native is a much smaller target for component libraries than traditional CSS frameworks. In other words, Bootstrap CSS can be used with any web framework, whereas component libraries for React Native only work with…you guessed it…React Native.
2. Customizing React Native styling isn’t the easiest thing in the world. Many apps demand custom styling, which makes component kits not too useful. In addition, it is challenging to customize each and every component, as the flexibility that you gain with traditional CSS on the web doesn’t carry over easily to component libraries.

With that said, here are a few options.

You won’t find as many styling solutions for React Native as you will for React JS. This stems from two simple realities:

1. React Native is a much smaller target for component libraries than traditional CSS frameworks. In other words, Bootstrap CSS can be used with any web framework, whereas component libraries for React Native only work with…you guessed it…React Native.
2. Customizing React Native styling isn’t the easiest thing in the world. Many apps demand custom styling, which makes component kits not too useful. In addition, it is challenging to customize each and every component, as the flexibility that you gain with traditional CSS on the web doesn’t carry over easily to component libraries.

With that said, here are a few options.

NativeBase - Essential cross-platform UI components for React Native

A huge collection of components, most of which look quite nice. That’s the plus side. The down side is that some of the components are somewhat buggy. No offense to the library authors, its just the state of the library - it needs a bit of work. For example, here’s an issue I opened a few days ago when I discovered the swipe deck component crashed when only a single data element was provided: DeskSwiper throws on single element lists · Issue #562 · GeekyAnts/NativeBase. The authors fixed it up awfully fast, but, hey, that’s a bug that seems like it could have been caught earlier.

React Native Elements - react-native-community/react-native-elements

This is my personal favorite. The styling is generally platform agnostic; it won’t look out of place using it on either Android or iOS. Each component has simple customization, the docs are solid, and it comes with a good set of icons. This is a no-brainer.

React Native Material Design - react-native-material-design/react-native-material-design

Another solid choice, but mostly only useful for Android. Again, its a bit unsettling to see material design - traditionally a stable of Android devices - on iOS. Besides that, the docs are still a work in progress, as evidenced by the lack of docs for nearly half of the components. Nonetheless, if you’re looking for a material design solution, this is better than nothing. It is also worth noting that the project looks generally unmaintained.

React Native Material Kit - xinthink/react-native-material-kit

Another material design solution, but much better maintained than React Native Material Design. This one has the added benefit of a nicer customization API for creating your own custom components - see the docs on this. It also has some more dynamic components like progress bars and sliders, which you may not see on other frameworks. Anything that helps save you time to build your app is always a solid benefit.

Do Your Own Styling!

If none of these choices float your boat, you can always learn how to style components from scratch yourself. I have a course on Udemy that will teach you how to make perfectly reusable components for your own projects. Check it out here: The Complete React Native and Redux Course - Udemy