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Bioinspired inorganic nanoparticles and vascular factor microenvironment directed neo-bone formation

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2627-2637
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00041H, Paper
Hwan D. Kim, Jungha Park, Sivashanmugam Amirthalingam, R. Jayakumar, Nathaniel S. Hwang
VEGF-overexpressing human tonsil-derived stem cells (VEGF-hTMSCs) and a whitlockite microenvironment induce vascularized bone tissue formation in biodegradable polymeric scaffolds.
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Assembly of FN-silk with laminin-521 to integrate hPSCs into a three-dimensional culture for neural differentiation

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2514-2525
DOI: 10.1039/C9BM01624D, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Carolina Åstrand, Veronique Chotteau, Anna Falk, My Hedhammar
The functionalized recombinant spider silk protein FN-silk can self-assemble into a 3D microfiber network. When combined with recombinant laminin521 it provides a 3D culture system suitable for expansion of hPSCs and following neural differentiation.
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Injectable hydrogel systems with multiple biophysical and biochemical cues for bone regeneration

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2537-2548
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00104J, Paper
Weinan Cheng, Zhaozhao Ding, Xin Zheng, Qiang Lu, Xiangdong Kong, Xiaozhong Zhou, Guozhong Lu, David L. Kaplan
Tunable multiple angiogenic and osteogenic cues were introduced into hydrogel systems simultaneously to optimize the niches for bone regeneration.
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Spatial immobilization of endogenous growth factors to control vascularization in bone tissue engineering

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2577-2589
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00087F, Paper
Marta R. Casanova, Catarina Oliveira, Emanuel M. Fernandes, Rui L. Reis, Tiago H. Silva, Albino Martins, Nuno M. Neves
An engineered biofunctional system comprises endogenous BMP-2 and VEGF bound in a parallel pattern. It successfully enabled obtaining the spatial osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation of human hBM-MSCs under basal culture conditions.
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Nanomedicine – a promising therapy for hematological malignancies

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2376-2393
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00129E, Review Article
Lifen Huang, Jun Huang, Junbin Huang, Hongman Xue, Zhiqing Liang, Jun Wu, Chun Chen
Nanoparticles (NPs) are used for the diagnosis and treatment of hematological tumors by loading various pharmacodynamic molecules.
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The electrospinning of a thermo-responsive polymer with peptide conjugates for phenotype support and extracellular matrix production of therapeutically relevant mammalian cells

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2611-2626
DOI: 10.1039/C9BM01965K, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
F. A. A. Ruiter, L. E. Sidney, K. L. Kiick, J. I. Segal, C. Alexander, F. R. A. J. Rose
The fabrication and application of a biocompatible peptide conjugated thermo-responsive fibrous scaffolds for cellular phenotype support and enzymatic-free passaging of mammalian cells.
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Highly responsive and rapid hydrogen peroxide-triggered degradation of polycaprolactone nanoparticles

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2394-2397
DOI: 10.1039/C9BM02019E, Communication
Peng-Hao Hsu, Carina Arboleda, Alexandra Stubelius, Ling-Wei Li, Jason Olejniczak, Adah Almutairi
Nanoparticles formulated from fast-degrading oxidation-responsive polycaprolactone are responsive to 50 μM of H2O2.
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Topography induced stiffness alteration of stem cells influences osteogenic differentiation

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2638-2652
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00264J, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Liangliang Yang, Qi Gao, Lu Ge, Qihui Zhou, Eliza M. Warszawik, Reinier Bron, King Wai Chiu Lai, Patrick van Rijn
Topography-driven alterations to single cell stiffness rather than alterations in cell morphology, is the underlying driver for influencing cell biological processes, particularly stem cell differentiation.
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Biodegradable nanocomposite fibrous scaffold mediated local delivery of vancomycin for the treatment of MRSA infected experimental osteomyelitis

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2653-2665
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00140F, Paper
Amit G. Krishnan, Raja Biswas, Deepthy Menon, Manitha B. Nair
The study shows the development of a biodegradable bi-functional composite scaffold that can reduce bacterial infection, while promotes bone regeneration in osteomyelitis, without the need for revision surgery.
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Interfacing human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons with designed nanowire arrays as a future platform for medical applications

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2434-2446
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00182A, Paper
Jann Harberts, Undine Haferkamp, Stefanie Haugg, Cornelius Fendler, Dennis Lam, Robert Zierold, Ole Pless, Robert H. Blick
Nanostructured substrates such as nanowire arrays form a powerful tool for building next-generation medical devices.
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A novel peptide targeting gastrin releasing peptide receptor for pancreatic neoplasm detection

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2682-2693
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00162G, Paper
Yuanbiao Tu, Ji Tao, Fang Wang, Peifei Liu, Zhihao Han, Zhaolun Li, Yi Ma, Yueqing Gu
The designed novel peptide GB-6 with targeted GRPR-binding possesses more favorable pharmacokinetic properties and metabolic stability, as well as superior tumor-targeting ability in pancreatic cancer models, relative to BBN7–14.
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Particle-mediated delivery of frataxin plasmid to a human sensory neuronal model of Friedreich's ataxia

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2398-2403
DOI: 10.1039/C9BM01757G, Communication
Ewa Czuba-Wojnilowicz, Serena Viventi, Sara E. Howden, Simon Maksour, Amy E. Hulme, Christina Cortez-Jugo, Mirella Dottori, Frank Caruso
Multilayered particles in gene therapy for Friedreich's ataxia induce a 27 000-fold increase in frataxin gene expression in a patient-derived cell model.
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Outstanding Reviewers for Biomaterials Science in 2019

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, 8,2343-2343
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM90031A, Editorial

We would like to take this opportunity to highlight the Outstanding Reviewers for Biomaterials Science in 2019, as selected by the editorial team for their significant contribution to the journal.
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A multifunctional metal-biopolymer coordinated double network hydrogel combined with multi-stimulus responsiveness, self-healing, shape memory and antibacterial properties

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00425A, Paper
Kun Yan, Feiyang Xu, Chunyu Wang, Yingying Li, Yuanli Chen, Xiufang Li, Zhentan Lu, Dong Wang
A universal, straightforward macroscale assembly technology has been presented for fabrication of polysaccharide-based multifunctional DN gels based on metal coordination chemistry.
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Modulating neutrophil extracellular traps for wound healing

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00355G, Paper
Tejinder Kaur, Shweta Dumoga, Veena Koul, Neetu Singh
An alginate-GelMa scaffold for modulating neutrophil extracellular traps using a PAD4 inhibitor could be a novel therapeutic approach for wound healing.
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A versatile ultrafine and super-absorptive H+-modified montmorillonite: application for metabolic syndrome intervention and gastric mucosal protection

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00474J, Paper
Qiwen Wang, Jie Shen, Enqi Mo, Haotian Zhang, Jianwei Wang, Xiurong Hu, Jun Zhou, Hongzhen Bai, Guping Tang
An H+-modified montmorillonite (H-MMT) was prepared using an acid modification method to obtain powerful absorption ability as a theranostic platform for both metabolic syndrome and gastric mucosa protection.
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Coupling PEG-LZM Polymer Network with Polyphenol Yields Suturable Biohydrogel for Tissue Patching

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00429D, Paper
Haoqi Tan, Junjie Sun, Dawei Jin, Jialin Song, Miao Lei, Artem Antoshin, Xin Chen, Meng Yin, Xue Qu, Changsheng Liu
Poor mechanical performances severely limit the application of hydrogel in vivo, for example, it is difficult to perform a very common suturing operation on hydrogel during surgery. There is a...
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Optically controlled hybrid metamaterial of plasmonic spiky gold inbuilt graphene sheets for bimodal imaging guided multimodal therapy

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00312C, Paper
Kunnumpurathu Jibin, Jayaram S. Prasad, Giridharan Saranya, Sachin J. Shenoy, Kaustabh K. Maiti, Ramapurath S. Jayasree
Gold–graphene nanohybrid for simultaneous dual-imaging guided triple therapy as a new paradigm in light-triggered cancer theranostics. The material demonstrates excellent therapeutic efficacy and treatment monitoring features.
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Surface engineering of titanium alloy using metal-polyphenol network coating with magnesium ions for improved osseointegration

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00566E, Paper
Sangmin Lee, Yun-Young Chang, Jinkyu Lee, Sajeesh Kumar Madhurakkat Perikamana, Eun Mi Kim, Yang-Hun Jung, Jeong-Ho Yun, Heungsoo Shin
Although titanium-based implants are widely used in orthopedic and dental clinics, improved osseointegration at the bone–implant interface is still required.
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A biomimetic orally targeted delivery of Bindarit for immunotherapy of atherosclerosis

By pubs.rsc.org
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Biomater. Sci., 2020, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00418A, Paper
Luqi Yin, Cuiping Peng, Yue Tang, Yuchuan Yuan, Jiaxing Liu, Tingting Xiang, Feila Liu, Zhou Xing, Xiaohui Li
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. However, the application of bindarit (a specific synthetic inhibitor of MCP-1) in atherosclerosis has not been confirmed...
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Functionalized Biomaterials to Combat Biofilm

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Biomater. Sci., 2020, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00526F, Minireview
Dan-ni Huang, Jing Wang, Kefeng Ren, Jian Ji
Pathogenic microbial biofilms readily form on implantable medical devices or human tissues have posed a great threat to worldwide healthcare. Hopes are focused on preventive strategies of biofilms, leaving a...
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Effective intracellular delivery of bevacizumab via PEGylated polymeric nanoparticles targeting CD44v6 receptor in colon cancer cells

By pubs.rsc.org
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Biomater. Sci., 2020, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D0BM00556H, Paper
Ana Baião, Flávia Sousa, Ana Oliveira, Carla Oliveira, Bruno Sarmento
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most incident and mortal cancers in the world, mainly due to its metastatic and metabolic ability. CD44 receptor isoform containing exon 6 (CD44v6)...
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Serum miRNAs are differentially altered by ethanol and caffeine consumption in rats

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,842-849
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00069K, Paper
M. Martinez, I. M. U. Rossetto, R. M. S. Arantes, F. S. N. Lizarte, L. F. Tirapelli, D. P. C. Tirapelli, L. G. A. Chuffa, F. E. Martinez
Alcoholism is a multifactorial disease with high risk for dependence determined by genetic background, environmental factors and neuroadaptations.
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Prometryn induces apoptotic cell death through cell cycle arrest and oxidative DNA damage

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,833-841
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00080A, Paper
Qiaoyun Liu, Longsheng Wang, Hanwen Chen, Bo Huang, Jiawei Xu, Ying Li, Paul Héroux, Xinqiang Zhu, Yihua Wu, Dajing Xia
Prometryn induces oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage; Prometryn induces S phase of cell cycle arrest; Prometryn induces Bax-dependent apoptosis in BEAS-2B cells.
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Integrated network pharmacology and targeted metabolomics to reveal the mechanism of nephrotoxicity of triptolide

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,850-861
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00067D, Paper
Wei Huang, Chuanxin Liu, Lijuan Xie, Yuming Wang, Yanyan Xu, Yubo Li
Integrated network pharmacology and targeted metabolomics to reveal the nephrotoxicity mechanism of triptolide.
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Eco-friendly synthesis of glutathione-capped CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe core/double shell quantum dots: their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects on Chinese hamster ovary cells

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,868-874
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00113A, Paper
Neo Mervyn Monaheng, Sundararajan Parani, Mary Gulumian, Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi
In this work, we report green one-pot synthesis, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of glutathione-capped CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe heterostructured quantum dots (QDs) using a label-free xCELLigence RTCA system as well as the Cytokinesis Blocked Micronucleus assay.
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Tin thiocarbonohydrazone complexes: synthesis, crystal structures and biological evaluation

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,862-867
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00109C, Paper
Jin Wang, Yu-Ting Wang, Yan Fang, Yan-Li Lu, Ming-Xue Li
Three organotin thiocarbonohydrazone complexes have been synthesized, and growth inhibition assays indicated that complex 3 has the highest tumor cell selectivity.
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miR-140-5p mediates bevacizumab-induced cytotoxicity to cardiomyocytes by targeting the VEGFA/14-3-3γ signal pathway

By pubs.rsc.org
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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,875-884
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00100J, Paper
Xuan-Ying Chen, Wei-Lin Huang, Xiao-Ping Peng, Yan-Ni Lv, Jun-He Li, Jian-Ping Xiong
Bevacizumab (BVZ) is a widely investigated angiogenesis inhibitor in cancer patients. Although the anti-tumor effects has been verified, cardiotoxicity may be the most serious side-effect for BVZ.
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Kaempferol derivatives isolated from Lens culinaris Medik. reduce DNA damage induced by etoposide in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

By pubs.rsc.org
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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,896-907
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00176J, Paper
Magdalena Kluska, Michał Juszczak, Daniel Wysokiński, Jerzy Żuchowski, Anna Stochmal, Katarzyna Woźniak
Bioactive compounds isolated from plants are considered to be attractive candidates for cancer therapy.
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Comment on “Acetylcysteine in paracetamol poisoning: a perspective of 45 years of use” by D. N. Bateman and J. W. Dear, Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8, 489

By pubs.rsc.org
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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,1057-1058
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00158A, Comment
Michael E. Mullins, Mark C. Yarema, Marco L. A. Sivilotti, Margaret Thompson, D. Adam Algren, Michael C. Beuhler, Christopher P. Holstege
We point out an acetylcysteine protocol that a previous article (D. N. Bateman and J. W. Dear, Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8, 489–498) overlooked.
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Ex vivo toxicological evaluation of experimental anticancer gold(I) complexes with lansoprazole-type ligands

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,885-895
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00149B, Paper
Natalia Estrada-Ortiz, Elena Lopez-Gonzales, Ben Woods, Stefan Stürup, Inge A. M. de Graaf, Geny M. M. Groothuis, Angela Casini
Novel experimental anticancer gold-based compounds were studied for their mechanisms of toxicity in healthy rat kidney and liver tissues, using the Precision Cut Tissue Slices (PCTS) technique.
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Gynura divaricata ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance by modulating insulin signalling, maintaining glycolipid homeostasis and reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice

By pubs.rsc.org
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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,928-938
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00191C, Paper
Xuan Dong, Shu-Xiang Zhao, Bing-Qing Xu, Yu-Qing Zhang
Oral lyophilized powder of Gynura divaricata, an edible medicinal plant, can alleviate both hyperglycaemia and hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic mice.
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Lipoic acid antagonizes paraquat-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction by suppressing mitochondrial reactive oxidative stress

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,918-927
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00186G, Paper
Li Pang, Ping Deng, Yi-dan Liang, Jing-yu Qian, Li-Chuan Wu, Ling-ling Yang, Zheng-ping Yu, Zhou Zhou
α-Lipoic acid antagonizes paraquat toxicity.
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Thyroid endocrine status and biochemical stress responses in adult male Wistar rats chronically exposed to pristine polystyrene nanoplastics

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,953-963
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00147F, Paper
Fatemeh Amereh, Akbar Eslami, Simin Fazelipour, Mohammad Rafiee, Mohammad Ismail Zibaii, Mohammad Babaei
At this time, little is known about the long-term effects of micro(nano)plastics on public health. In the present study, early warning signs of thyroid endocrine disruption were noticed in adult Wistar rats from the ingestion of virgin polystyrene nanoparticles.
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Synergistic antioxidant capacity of CsNPs and CurNPs against cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and pro-inflammatory mediators induced by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in male rats

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,939-952
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00221A, Paper
Israa F. Mosa, Mokhtar Youssef, Maher Kamel, Osama F. Mosa, Yasser Helmy
Due to their dynamic characteristics, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP-NPs) have been employed numerous times in nanomedicine and in tissue engineering, particularly as diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
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Innovative models for in vitro detection of seizure

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,784-788
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00210C, Review Article
Kimberly L. Rockley, Ruth A. Roberts, Michael J. Morton
New technologies offer the opportunity to screen for seizure liability in vitro, avoiding costly failures in preclinical and clinical development.
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Novel evaluation of sevoflurane anesthetic exposure on the testicular germ cells of neonatal male mice

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,988-993
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00193J, Paper
Ali Raza Ebrahim Soltani, Abdolmohammad Kajbafzadeh, Maryam Ezzati, Zahra Ebrahim Soltani, Navid Hosseinifar, Anahid Maleki, Maryam Nezhad Sistani
Inhalatory anesthetics may impact spermatogenesis and sexual behavior.
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Cigarette smoke inhalation aggravates diabetic kidney injury in rats

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,964-971
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00201D, Paper
Songling Jiang, Do Van Quan, Jae Hyuck Sung, Moo-Yeol Lee, Hunjoo Ha
Four weeks of exposure to cigarette smoke aggravated the progression of diabetic kidney injury including inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress.
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Mice with a Sertoli cell-specific knockout of the Ctr1 gene exhibit a reduced sensitivity to cisplatin-induced testicular germ cell apoptosis

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,972-978
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00142E, Paper
Open Access
Rashin Ghaffari, John H. Richburg
Exposure to the chemotherapeutic agent cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cDDP) is well known to instigate acute and prolonged testicular injury in male patients.
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Effects of moderate red wine on cardiovascular risk factors in diabetics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,979-987
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00227H, Paper
Saavia Alice Naame, Decheng Li, Ruixue Huang
Diabetes mellitus is of major public health concerns; its incidence is continuously increasing.
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Methanol extract of Iphiona aucheri ameliorates CCl4 induced hepatic injuries by regulation of genes in rats

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,815-832
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00157C, Paper
Jawaid Ahmed Zai, Muhammad Rashid Khan, Zaib un Nisa Mughal, Riffat Batool, Irum Naz, Sonia Maryam, Zartash Zahra
Alteration in expression of ER stress associated genes, inflammatory genes and antioxidant biochemical induced with CCl4 in liver of rats were restored towards the control rats by co-administration of methanol extract of Iphiona aucheri to rats.
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Astilbin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,1002-1008
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00222G, Paper
Jing Li, Zhaowei Gu, Yue Liu, Yu Wang, Min Zhao
Ischemic stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury also leads to serious tissue damage.
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Nanoparticle induced barrier function assessment at liquid–liquid and air–liquid interface in novel human lung epithelia cell lines

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,1016-1027
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00179D, Paper
Open Access
Lars Leibrock, Sandra Wagener, Ajay Vikram Singh, Peter Laux, Andreas Luch
To answer questions about nanoparticle toxicity, translocation and biokinetics following inhalation exposure, in vitro models should have functional barrier properties to mimic the in vivo situation as closely as possible.
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Application of the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) to inorganic compounds: a case study of platinum species

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,802-814
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00242A, Paper
Jocelyn D. C. Hemming, Mark Hosford, Martin M. Shafer
The in chemico Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) was developed as a non-animal, relatively high throughput, screening tool for skin sensitization potential.
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Phytochemicals protect L02 cells against hepatotoxicity induced by emodin via the Nrf2 signaling pathway

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,1028-1034
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00220K, Paper
Yan Yan, Kang Wang, Xu Tang, Jun-feng Gao, Bin-yu Wen
Dihydromyricetin (DMY), hyperoside and silybin are phytochemicals that belong to a class called flavonoids, and they have been used in liver protection pharmaceutical preparations, but the specific mechanism of these chemicals is still unclarified.
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Cytotoxic effect of silica nanoparticles against hepatocellular carcinoma cells through necroptosis induction

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Toxicol. Res., 2019, 8,1042-1049
DOI: 10.1039/C9TX00240E, Paper
Yuexiang Niu, Engong Tang, Qingan Zhang
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer that affects people worldwide with high morbidity and mortality, and its resistance to current chemotherapeutic drugs is a serious concern.
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US Federal Reserve won't take rates negative, say fund managers, economists

By www.business-standard.com
Published On :: Fri, 08 May 2020 13:40:00 +0530

Fed funds futures, which are a gauge of where markets expect the Fed's benchmark overnight lending rate to be, are now pricing in a slightly negative rate environment beginning in December


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Nomura predicts Indian GDP to contract by 5.2% in FY21, more rate cuts

By www.business-standard.com
Published On :: Fri, 08 May 2020 14:36:00 +0530

Analysts at Goldman Sachs expect the Indian economy to contract 0.4 per cent in FY21 versus consensus median 2.7 per cent


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Amarinder Singh asks administration to ensure welfare of migrant workers

By www.business-standard.com
Published On :: Fri, 08 May 2020 17:53:00 +0530

The chief minister asked the industry ministry to "aggressively" pursue the development of the four industrial parks already announced by the state government in the budget for this fiscal.


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Moody's pegs FY21 GDP growth at 0%, says upgrade unlikely in near term

By www.business-standard.com
Published On :: Fri, 08 May 2020 18:22:00 +0530

The rapid and widening spread of the Covid-19, deteriorating global economic outlook, falling oil prices, and financial market turmoil are creating a severe and extensive economic and financial shock


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