Job Summary: The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) seeks a qualified candidate to serve as Manager of Administration & Corporate Services for a one-year, renewable appointment in the Finance and Administration Division. The Manager of Administration & Corporate Services AFR is responsible for the overall coordination of administrative matters between IFPRI's headquarters in Washington DC and the IFPRI regional and country/project offices in Africa. The position provides management and operational support to IFPRI regional and country/project offices in Africa including related administrative aspects of current and new corporate partnerships in Africa. This position is based in Dakar, Senegal.  Essential Duties: Specific Duties include but are not limited to: Lead finance and administration functions of the Dakar office, providing operational support and oversight of day-to-day office activities.  Provide management support and oversight of the financial and administrative operations of IFPRI Regional and country/project offices in Africa, including functions such as budgeting, contracts and grants, human resources, facilities and IT management. Work closely with key administrative departments at IFPRI headquarters for accounting, human resources, computer services and facilities/office services, in the development of and roll-out of IFPRI-wide policy and procedure changes, providing guidance and training as needed to regional and country offices to ensure that the quality of operational support meets IFPRI operations standards. Regular analysis of operations capacity of IFPRI offices in Africa, identifying and making recommendations regarding opportunities for improvement in IFPRI’s administrative operations and processes, and undertaking new initiatives as agreed. Build strong relationships with Country Office Heads and Country Administrative and Finance Managers, providing advice, guidance, and support in all areas of operations and ensuring compliance with IFPRI policies and procedures. Financial reporting oversight for IFPRI regional and country offices in Africa, and supervision and management of the Hub Finance and Administration unit team, ensuring compliance with IFPRI and donor standards, policies and procedures and processes. Participation in the formulation of annual budgets and capital plans for IFPRI offices in Africa. Provide management oversight to ensure that proper financial controls are in place and processes are compliant with correct accounting procedures, providing strategic direction in developing options for addressing any weaknesses. Monitor projects in African locations on an as required basis. Facilitate decision-making on human resource (HR) matters relating to IFPRI offices in Africa (policies and procedures, labor law compliance, staffing, recruitment, conflict resolution, etc.) Work to build the capacity of finance, administrative staff members throughout IFPRI offices in Africa through regular training sessions and mentoring support. Contribute to the internal and external audit preparations for IFPRI offices in Africa and provide support on the implementation of audit recommendations and actions. Required Qualifications: Bachelor’s degree plus twelve years of relevant professional experience or Master’s degree plus ten years of relevant experience.  Minimum of four years management experience. Excellent verbal, written and interpersonal skills. Strong customer service skills. Ability to work effectively with all levels of organizations, including regional partners and donors. Ability to work autonomously, yet keep others informed. Ability to work in a multicultural setting. Excellent attention to details. Fluency in French is highly preferred.  ​Physical Demand & Work environment: Employee will sit in an upright position for a long period of time with little opportunity to move/stretch Employee will lift between 0-10 pounds Employee is required to have close visual acuity to perform activities such as: preparing and analyzing data and figures; transcribing; viewing computer terminal; extensive reading. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an equal employment opportunity employer - F/M/Disability/Vet/Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity.

Job Summary: The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) seeks a qualified candidate to serve as a Senior Research Fellow (SRF I or SRF II) for a two-year, renewable appointment for its Nutrition, Diets and Health Unit. This position is based at IFPRI headquarters located in Washington, D.C but would involve travel to any of the countries in which IFPRI carries out its research. The SRF I/II would manage complex, multi-partner surveys and evaluations, mentor junior research staff, lead the development of new research activities, including developing proposals for the evaluation of multisectoral programs and food systems approaches to improving diet, nutrition and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. In addition, the SRF I/II would lead research activities related to the CGIAR Research Initiative on Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets (FRESH) which would include leading the co-development of programmatic activities (with program implementation partners) to increase intake of fruit and vegetables. Essential Duties:   Specific duties include but are not limited to: Conducting research related to diets, nutrition, health, and well-being in low-and middle-income countries and the impact of multisectoral programs and/or food systems approaches on these types of outcomes.  Developing and managing large/complex research projects and/or programs including developing workplans, coordinating research activities, monitoring and reporting on progress and sharing research findings with diverse audiences.  Design and supervise large-scale data collection activities such as household surveys, food environment surveys, dietary assessment surveys and nutritional status assessments.   Supervising the work of various research support staff and providing professional mentoring to others.  As part of multisectoral program and/or food systems evaluation activities, work closely with program implementation partners and other key stakeholders, to identify and oversee the design of programmatic activities to address constraints to sustainable, healthy diets. Recruiting and managing national collaborators. Developing and monitoring of the project or program budget. Publishing research in peer-reviewed publications. Providing strong research leadership in developing new ideas into proposals. Preparing donor and other project/program reports. Liaising with donor & senior government and other types of stakeholders on projects Communicating research to a broad spectrum of stakeholders (researchers, academicians, policy makers, local partners. Required Qualifications: At the Senior Research Fellow I level:  PhD in Nutrition, Public Health, Epidemiology, International Development, or closely related field and a minimum of 7 years of post-PhD experience. At the Senior Research Fellow II level:  PhD in Nutrition, Public Health, Epidemiology, International Development, or closely related field and a minimum of 10 years of post-PhD experience Major external recognition within peer professional network due to publications and other leaderships activities. Extensive publication record in peer-reviewed journals. Strong skills in quantitative data analysis Demonstrated ability to perform critical analyses of own & others’ research.  Sustained and consistent excellent publications record in peer-reviewed journals.  Demonstrated leadership skills and strong experience building and managing teams. Demonstrated leadership in developing global research programs with policy recommendations. Demonstrated experience in effective interactions in a multicultural setting with other researchers and with policymakers, donors, and civil society, facilitating impact of research & capacity strengthening. The ability to effectively contribute to IFPRI’s overall institutional value through demonstrated participation and support for organization-wide programs and activities. Willingness to travel extensively as required. Excellent written and spoken English communication skills with demonstrated excellence in written and oral presentations. Demonstrated computer literacy (PC and Microsoft Applications).  Proven record of fundraising success for broad and complex programs and projects. Preferred Qualifications: Proficiency in a second language of the U.N. system Dietary assessment and analysis expertise Experience with qualitative assessment methods and associated analytic techniques and software. Physical Demand and Work Environment: Employee will sit in an upright position for a long period of time.  Employee will lift between 0-10 pounds.  Employee is required to have close visual acuity to perform activities such as: preparing and analyzing data and figures; transcribing; viewing computer terminal; extensive reading. Salary Range : The expected salary ranges for this job requisition are between 24 R : $135,400 -  $169,300 ; 25 R: $159,800 -  $199,700 .  In determining your salary, we will consider your experience and other job-related factors. Benefits IFPRI is committed to providing our staff members with valuable and competitive benefits, as it is a core part of providing a strong overall employee experience. This position is eligible for health insurance coverage and a  summary of our benefits can be found on our website . Please note that the listed benefits are generally available to active, non-temporary, full-time and part-time US based employees who work at least 25 hours per week. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an equal employment opportunity employer - F/M/Disability/Vet/Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity.

Job Summary: The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), an international non-profit, research organization with over 600+ employees worldwide, seeks a Director of Finance and Administration to oversee the institute’s annual budget of USD 100+ million and lead the finance and administration services across the institute including Finance, IT Services, Travel and Facilities. The Director of Finance and Administration is a member of the Senior Management Team and reports to the Director General. The ideal candidate should be an excellent leader, people person, strategic communicator and relationship builder who can thrive in a complex, fast-changing environment. This is a three-year, full-time, exempt, renewable appointment and involves international travel, particularly to developing countries. This position could be based at IFPRI’s headquarters located in Washington, DC (preferred), Nairobi, Kenya or New Delhi, India. Essential Duties: Specific duties include but are not limited to: Provides information and advice to the IFPRI’s Board and senior management to ensure that the financial and physical resources of the institute are managed optimally and sustainably. Ensures that an effective framework is in place for informed decision making including the appropriate financial and risk management strategies, internal and external audits, compliance policies, corporate financial planning and reporting. Oversees the preparation and timely distribution of the Institute’s annual budget, long-term forecasts, including base case and downside scenario planning, and regular financial and management reports in accordance with internal, external and statutory obligations Directly supervises the senior corporate services managers (Finance, IT Services, Facilities, and Travel). Leads, manages and supports all managers in carrying out their duties by providing them with information, advice, general support and capacity building as needed. Monitors budget and expense trends; recommends and implements corrective actions as required. Reviews financial policies, procedure and practices; recommends improvements to financial processes and controls. Develops and implements systems that ensure the smooth operations of central administration. Work closely with the CGIAR Corporate Service Heads and at the One CGIAR System Office. Oversees all space and lease functions. Primarily responsible for IFPRI’s risk management system including oversight of IFPRI’s operations in Africa and Asia. Ensures that Finance and Corporate Service units in all IFPRI locations are appropriately staffed, well led and managed for performance. Ensure continuous improvement in the service delivery from these units. Required Qualifications: CPA/MBA or equivalent; minimum of fifteen years of relevant experience at the senior management level. Demonstrated leadership, management, and supervisory skills including the ability to recommend or make decisions, including difficult ones, in a complex, changing environment. Excellent planning and organizational skills, as well as attention to detail. Broad knowledge of finance and corporate service functions. Senior level experience in contract administration. Managerial experience in a non-profit, research, and/or international organization. Excellent written and verbal English communication skills.  Demonstrated ability to work in multi-cultural settings and to build productive relationships with diverse internal and external stakeholders. Willingness and ability to travel internationally, particularly to developing countries (15-20%). Essential personal qualities: integrity, responsiveness and decisiveness. Preferred Qualifications: Knowledge of or experience with the CGIAR Understanding of US GAAP AND IFRS Experience in donor relations Proficiency in a second language of the U.N. system Physical Demand and Work Environment: Employee will sit in an upright position for a long period of time.  Employee will lift between 0-10 pounds.  Employee is required to have close visual acuity to perform activities such as: preparing and analyzing data and figures; transcribing; viewing computer terminal; extensive reading. Salary Range: The expected salary ranges for this job requisition are between $ 188,900 - $231,400.  In determining your salary, we will consider your experience and other job-related factors. Benefits: IFPRI is committed to providing our staff members with valuable and competitive benefits, as it is a core part of providing a strong overall employee experience. This position is eligible for health insurance coverage and a summary of our benefits can be found on our website. Please note that the listed benefits are generally available to active, non-temporary, full-time and part-time US based employees who work at least 25 hours per week. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an equal employment opportunity employer - F/M/Disability/Vet/Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity.

Job Summary: The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) seeks a qualified candidate to fill the position of Senior Research Coordinator for a 2-year, exempt appointment. This position will be based at IFPRI’s office in Lilongwe, Malawi. The Senior Research Coordinator will play a leading role in developing and implementing policy research and engagement strategies, as well as capacity strengthening. Essential Duties: Specific duties and responsibilities include but are not limited to: Policy engagement/influence and capacity strengthening ·          Lead efforts of IFPRI to promote evidence-based policy planning and implementation in Malawi, including the promotion of policy dialogue and mutual learning. ·          Engage with other relevant continental and regional processes to seek opportunities for influencing and strengthening policy processes in Malawi. ·          Strengthen leadership and develop policymaking capacity in Malawi. ·          Develop and strengthen links between IFPRI and Malawi’s relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). ·          Represent IFPRI in regional meetings and interactions. ·          Develop new partnerships with strategic partners, as and when appropriate. ·          Engage at international level with relevant platforms and processes.   Research development, facilitation and management ·          Develop, implement and manage programs of research at IFPRI in Malawi. ·          Liaise with IFPRI partner organizations to ensure the policy workstream is responsive and complementary to other work streams. ·          Identify funding opportunities for proposals for policy-relevant research. ·          Develop new policy-relevant research to address knowledge gaps/research needs that exist, or emerge. ·          Link with platforms and initiatives to harmonize and strengthen research plans and outputs. ·          Link to and collaborate with (as appropriate) other external partners and stakeholders. ·          Support the dissemination and publication of research results in policy briefs and other targeted publications. ·          Support the Malawi Country Program Leader in internal and external (including donor) reporting and proposal development.   Required Qualifications: ·          PhD plus 5 years’ experience in public policy, economics, political science or quantitative social science. Strong track record of policy research and engagement, and a strong understanding of development policies and practice. Specific experience in Malawi is an advantage. ·          Experience in cross-sectoral policy engagement on agricultural commercialization, urbanization and rural transformation.   ·          Demonstrated leadership and experience in effective interactions in a multicultural and international development setting with other researchers and with policymakers, donors, and civil society in Africa, and preferably in Malawi, facilitating impact of research and capacity strengthening. Experience with CGIAR institutions is desirable. ·          Experience with development of capacity strengthening strategies and programs in Africa, and preferably in Malawi. ·          Major external recognition within peer professional network ·          Willingness to travel extensively as required ·          Excellent written and spoken English communication skills with demonstrated excellence in written and oral presentations. Knowledge of Chichewa is an advantage. ·          Demonstrated leadership skills and strong experience in working in and influencing development institutions. ·          Demonstrated ability to critically assess own and others’ research Physical Demand & Work environment: ·          Employee will sit in an upright position for a long period of time with little opportunity to move/stretch ·          Employee will lift between 0-10pounds ·          Employee is required to have close visual acuity to perform activities such as: preparing and analyzing data and figures; transcribing; viewing computer terminal; extensive reading   Salary Range : The expected salary range for this job requisition is between $115,800 - $144,800. In determining your salary, we will consider your experience and other job-related factors. Benefits : IFPRI is committed to providing our staff members with valuable and competitive benefits, as it is a core part of providing a strong overall employee experience. This position is eligible for health insurance coverage and a summary of our benefits  can be found on our website . Please note that the listed benefits are generally available to active, non-temporary, full-time and part-time US-based employees who work at least 25 hours per week. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an equal employment opportunity employer - F/M/Disability/Vet/Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity.

Assessing social media impact was one of the workshop sessions at November’s SpotOn London conference,

The place we’re in as a society is a crowded field of scattered tools and

Here is a Storify collecting the online conversations from the Wikipedia editing workshop at this year’s

Frequently asked questions about a zero-day vulnerability in Fortinet’s FortiManager that has reportedly been exploited in the wild.

Background

The Tenable Security Response Team (SRT) has compiled this blog to answer Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) regarding a zero-day vulnerability in Fortinet’s FortiManager.

FAQ

What is FortiJump?

FortiJump is a name given to a zero-day vulnerability in the FortiGate-FortiManager (FGFM) protocol in Fortinet’s FortiManager and FortiManager Cloud. It was named by security researcher Kevin Beaumont in a blog post on October 22. Beaumont also created a logo for FortiJump.

What are the vulnerabilities associated with FortiJump?

On October 23, Fortinet published an advisory (FG-IR-24-423) for FortiJump, assigning a CVE identifier for the flaw.

What is CVE-2024-47575?

CVE-2024-47575 is a missing authentication vulnerability in the FortiGate to FortiManager (FGFM) daemon (fgfmsd) in FortiManager and FortiManager Cloud.

How severe is CVE-2024-47575?

Exploitation of FortiJump could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker using a valid FortiGate certificate to register unauthorized devices in FortiManager. Successful exploitation would grant the attacker the ability to view and modify files, such as configuration files, to obtain sensitive information, as well as the ability to manage other devices.

Obtaining a certificate from a FortiGate device is relatively easy:

Comment
by from discussion
infortinet

According to results from Shodan, there are nearly 60,000 FortiManager devices that are internet-facing, including over 13,000 in the United States, over 5,800 in China, nearly 3,000 in Brazil and 2,300 in India:

When was FortiJump first disclosed?

There were reports on Reddit that Fortinet proactively notified customers using FortiManager about the flaw ahead of the release of patches, though some customers say they never received any notifications. Beaumont posted a warning to Mastodon on October 13:

Post by @GossiTheDog@cyberplace.social

View on Mastodon

Was this exploited as a zero-day?

Yes, according to both Beaumont and Fortinet, FortiJump has been exploited in the wild as a zero-day. Additionally, Google Mandiant published a blog post on October 23 highlighting its collaborative investigation with Fortinet into the “mass exploitation” of this zero-day vulnerability. According to Google Mandiant, they’ve discovered over 50 plus “potentially compromised FortiManager devices in various industries.”

Which threat actors are exploiting FortiJump?

Google Mandiant attributed exploitation activity to a new threat cluster called UNC5820, adding that the cluster has been observed exploiting the flaw since “as early as June 27, 2024.”

Is there a proof-of-concept (PoC) available for this vulnerability/these vulnerabilities?

As of October 23, there are no public proof-of-concept exploits available for FortiJump.

Are patches or mitigations available for FortiJump?

The following table contains a list of affected products, versions and fixed versions.

Fortinet’s advisory provides workarounds for specific impacted versions if patching is not feasible. These include blocking unknown devices from attempting to register to FortiManager, creating IP allow lists of approved FortiGate devices that can connect to FortiManager and the creation of custom certificates. Generally speaking, it is advised to ensure FGFM is not internet-facing.

Has Tenable released any product coverage for these vulnerabilities?

A list of Tenable plugins for this vulnerability can be found on the individual CVE page for CVE-2024-47575 as they’re released. This link will display all available plugins for this vulnerability, including upcoming plugins in our Plugins Pipeline.

Get more information

• Burning Zero Days: FortiJump FortiManager vulnerability used by nation state in espionage via MSPs
• FortiGuard Labs PSIRT FG-IR-24-423 Advisory

Join Tenable's Security Response Team on the Tenable Community.
Learn more about Tenable One, the Exposure Management Platform for the modern attack surface.

A twitter TeachIn about marine protected areas, hosted by @RJ_Dunlap on 4/8/2013

This has been cross-posted from the nature.com guest blog, Soapbox Science. Liz Neeley is the

To tie in with this month’s SoNYC birthday celebrations, we are hosting a collection of case

TORONTO – The Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) today released a new report that studied the impact of gamification on investors.

TORONTO – The Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) is inviting applications for membership on its Registrant Advisory Committee (RAC or the Committee).

TORONTO – The Capital Markets Tribunal is seeking applications for membership to the Securities Proceedings Advisory Committee (SPAC).

TORONTO – The Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) has issued an award of nearly $150,000 to an international whistleblower who provided information about significant issues at an early-stage firm.

TORONTO – Participating Canadian securities regulators today published the results of their 10th consecutive annual review of disclosures relating to women on boards and in executive officer positions, as well as the underlying data that was used to prepare the report.

TORONTO – The Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) today released the results of a study examining the influence of environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors on retail investor decision making.

TORONTO – The Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) today published

TORONTO – The Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) is providing an update to interested parties on the status of its work to introduce binding authority for an independent dispute resolution service.

Dr Anne Osterrieder is a Research and Science Communication Fellow in Plant Cell Biology at the Department of

Here is a Storify round up of the SpotOn London session: What do you need to

Damian Pattinson (@damianpattinson) is a co-organiser of the session on Public Health Links, Lost in Translation at

"Nothing about Saitama passes the eyeball test when it comes to superheroes, from his lifeless expression to his bald head to his unimpressive physique. However, this average-looking guy has a not-so-average problem— he just can't seem to find an opponent strong enough to take on! An emergency summons gathers Class S heroes at headquarters … and Saitama tags along. There, they learn that the great seer Shibabawa left the following prophecy: "The Earth is in danger!" What in the world is going to happen?!" -- Description provided by publisher.

Nothing about Saitama passes the eyeball test when it comes to superheroes, from his lifeless expression to his bald head to his unimpressive physique. However, this average-looking guy has a not-so-average problem-he just can't seem to find an opponent strong enough to take on! When aliens invade Earth, a group of Class-S heroes finally finds a way to fight back and go on the offensive. Inside the enemy mother ship, Saitama fights Boros. Faced with the alien's frightful power, he decides to get serious! What is the Earth's fate?!

"Hero hunter Gato intensifies his onslaught, so of course Saitama decides now is the perfect time to join a combat tournament. Meanwhile, Class-S hero Metal Bat takes an assignment guarding a Hero Association executive and his son, and before long trouble appears!" -- Description provided by publisher.

"Nothing about Saitama passes the eyeball test when it comes to superheroes, from his lifeless expression to his bald head to his unimpressive physique. However, this average-looking guy has a not-so-average problem— he just can't seem to find an opponent strong enough to take on! Time bomb Garo, a monster admirer, finally explodes, attacking the Hero Association! Meanwhile, Miss Blizzard visits Saitama at his apartment. Because of his lower rank, she plans to make him one of her subordinates, but … ." -- Page [4] of cover.

"As the House of Slaughter arrives to clean up the situation by any means necessary, Erica will find that the true threat to those around her isn't who— or what— she ever expected. And the cost of saving the day may be too high for anyone to pay … ." -- Description provided by publisher.

"A desperate call for help interrupts holiday celebrations at the Bureau of Balance, and sends Taako, Magnus and Merle on a high-stakes mission to find and reclaim a fourth deadly relic: a powerful transmutation stone, hidden somewhere in the depths of a floating arcane laboratory that's home to the Doctors Maureen and Lucas Miller. An unknown menace has seized control of the stone, and is using it to transform the lab into a virulent pink crystal that spreads to everything it touches. It's only a matter of time before this sparkling disaster crash-lands, but in order to find the stone and save the whole planet from being King Midased, our heroes will have to fight their way through a gauntlet of rowdy robots and crystal golems, decide whether they can trust the evasive Lucas Miller, and solve the mystery of what— or who— has put them all in peril, before there's no world left to save." -- Provided by publisher

"A deadly typhoon, a mysterious creature and a girl who won't quit. In 2020, a large creature rampages through Tokyo, destroying everything in its path. In 1959, Asa Asada, a spunky young girl from a huge family in Nagoya, is kidnapped for ransom— and not a soul notices. When a typhoon hits Nagoya, Asa and her kidnapper must work together to survive. But there's more to her kidnapper and this storm than meets the eye. When Asa's mother goes into labor yet again, Asa runs off to find a doctor. But no one bats an eye when she doesn't return— not even as a storm approaches Nagoya. Forgotten yet again, Asa runs into a burglar and tries to stop him on her own, a decision that leads to an unlikely alliance." -- Provided by publisher.

"Asa and Kasuga see the tail of a giant creature rise from the water. In a jungle, explorers discover massive claw marks in a tree trunk. And years later in 1964, a mysterious military man appears asking all the wrong questions." -- Provided by publisher.

"France spirals towards a civil war, as nobles continue to ignore the people of France. Noblewoman Oscar Fraṅois de Jarjayes is forced to reconsider her life as a soldier and a woman, her loyalties and her love. Marie Antoinette and the royal family seek escape, while Robespierre and the National Assembly take up arms and demand democracy." -- Provided by publisher.

Here is a Storify collecting the online conversations from the “How are online tools changing

What do you need to put together a successful public campaign about science issues? This

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s economicdevelopment has entered a new stage. Under the circumstances, the goal of “Common Prosperity” has attracted more and more attention over the past several years. China’s long-term implementation of urban-biased policies led to a huge gap between urban and rural areas for a long time and hindered the realization of common prosperity.

موجز:

وجز :

بنية القطاع الزراعي السوداني ومساهمته في الاقتصاد بين عامي 1990 و2021

دخل النزاع المسلح بين القوات المسلحة السودانية وقوات الدعم السريع في السودان شهره السادس منذ اندلاعه في 15 أبريل 2023، دون أي مؤشرات على انتهائه قريبا. تسببت الحرب في كارثة إنسانية حادة، دمرت البنية التحتية الرئيسية، وقيدت أنشطة التجارة والإنتاج. علاوة على ذلك، أدى ذلك إلى تعطيل الوصول إلى المرافق العامة والخدمات المالية والأسواق، مما أدى إلى ندرة كبيرة في السلع والخدمات. في هذه الورقة، نستخدم إطار نمذجة مضاعف مصفوفة المحاسبة الاجتماعية لتقييم الآثار الاقتصادية على مستوى الاقتصاد لهذه الاضطرابات في النشاط الاقتصادي والموارد الإنتاجية وسبل العيش.