Architectures and techniques are provided to control the rendering of supplemental content associated with electronic books. For example, electronic books may be associated with content that is in addition to the content originally provided to an individual acquiring the electronic book, such as annotations, social networking site information, media outlet information, and the like. Individuals may control the supplemental electronic book content that is rendered via their client devices via actuation of a physical input device or a representation of an input device shown via a touch sensitive display. The amount of supplemental content that is rendered may correspond to information associated with a specified number of categories of supplemental electronic book content based on a supplemental content rendering level. In other implementations, the amount of supplemental electronic book content that is rendered may correspond to an amount of supplemental content to be rendered for each category of supplemental content.

Images are analyzed within a 3D environment that is generated based on spatial relationships of the images and that allows users to experience the images in the 3D environment. Image analysis may include ranking images based on user viewing information, such as the number of users who have viewed an image and how long an image was viewed. Image analysis may further include analyzing the spatial density of images within a 3D environment to determine points of user interest.

Methods and devices for minimizing and maximizing displayed output associated with applications are provided. More particularly, an application presented as two or more pages in a portrait mode can be minimized to present one of the two or more pages following a minimization operation. The page that continues to be displayed can comprise a primary or preferred page, while the page that is dismissed can comprise a secondary or ancillary page. With respect to a maximization operation received with respect to a page of an application results in the display of an additional page associated with that application. Maximization can include controlling the respective screens on which first and second pages of the maximized application are displayed.

A method and apparatus to mark-up an electronic document (i.e., a second electronic document) that is superimposed on a first electronic document keeping the first electronic document unchanged. The second electronic document is optionally viewed concurrently with the first electronic document. The second electronic document is capable of being viewed or modified using different application programs so long as the different application programs process the format used by the second electronic document. The second electronic document is saved as a separate document independent of the first electronic document.

Techniques are disclosed for supplying users in an online environment with a safe and effective chat facility. The chat facility is “safe” in the sense that the ability of users to compose inappropriate messages is greatly restricted, while “effective” in the sense that users are still allowed a broad range of expressivity in composing and exchanging chat messages.

Addition-fragmentation agents of the formula are disclosed having the following functional groups: 1) a labile addition-fragmentation group that can cleave and reform to relieve strain, 2) a free-radically polymerizable group, and 3) a surface-modifying functional group that associates with the surface of a substrate.

A composition having a mixture of the below compounds having a mole ratio of at least 1:20. Ar1 and Ar2 are independently selected aromatic groups. A composition comprising phthalonitrile compounds that comprise at least 5 mol % of the first compound below. A method of: providing a solution of a dichloroaromatic compound having an electron-withdrawing group bound to each aromatic ring containing one of the chloride groups; a dihydroxyaromatic compound or anion thereof; an organic transition metal complex or a transition metal salt; an alkaline hydroxide base; and a solvent; and heating the solution to a temperature at which the dichloroaromatic compound and the dihydroxyaromatic compound react to form a dimetallic salt of an aromatic ether oligomer. The molar ratio of the dihydroxyaromatic compound to the dichloroaromatic compound is greater than 2:1. Water formed during the heating is concurrently distilled from the solution.

The present invention related to a method of manufacturing a polycarbonate including the process of copolymerizing epoxide compound and CO2 using cobalt(III) or chromium(III), where the ligands contains at least 3 ammonium cations, central metal has formal −1 charge, and conjugated anions of the two cationic ammonium groups are acid-base homoconjugation, as catalyst. According to the present invention, the initial induction time can be reduced when the said polycarbonate is manufactured and it is possible to improve the activity of the catalyst and the molecular weight of the obtained polymer.

The present invention relates to I- and II-type crystals of L-α-glyceryl phosphoryl choline, and to a method for preparing same. More particularly, the present invention relates to noble I- and II-type anhydride crystals of L-α-glyceryl phosphoryl choline, which have a higher purity than conventional liquid L-α-glyceryl phosphoryl choline, and one advantage of which is that formulations and dosages of pharmaceuticals are easily modified, and another advantage of which is that the hygroscopicity of the crystals are much lower than that of conventional polymorphic crystals, providing excellent stability during storage. The present invention also relates to a method for preparing the I- and II-type crystals of L-α-glyceryl phosphoryl choline. The I-type crystal of L-α-glyceryl phosphoryl choline is characterized by having an onset temperature of 147° C. and an absorption peak of 150° C. based on differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis, and by having diffraction patterns where 2θ-diffraction angles are 9.8±0.2°, 12.0±0.2°, 14.3±0.2°, 15.8±0.2°, and 19.6±0.2° based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The II-type crystal of L-α-glyceryl phosphoryl choline is characterized by having an onset temperature of 62° C. and an absorption peak of 66° C., and an onset temperature of 141° C. and an absorption peak of 145° C. based on DSC analysis, and having diffraction patterns where 2θ-diffraction angles are 10.3±0.2°, 12.2±0.2°, 13.4±0.2°, 14.8±0.2°, and 20.6±0.2° based on XRD analysis.

The present invention generally relates to processes for the enzymatic production of a phosphinothricin product or precursor thereof from a nitrile-containing substrate.

The present invention relates to novel isocyanate and isothiocyanate compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, and to the use thereof in the treatment of cancer diseases in humans and animals. The novel isocyanate and isothiocyanate compounds are distinguished, as compared with the known isocyanate and isothiocyanate compounds, by improved therapeutical breadth, i.e. fewer side effects while having high anti-tumor activity.

Provided is an efficient technology for synthesizing diamino acids (diamino acid derivatives). Disclosed is a manufacturing method for diamino acid derivatives wherein the fluorenyl groups of the diamino acid derivative starting materials represented by General Formula [II] or [IV] are removed.

The present disclosure relates to devices and methods for the preparation of amyl nitrite formulations at a point of use location from relatively shelf-stable reagents employing acidic cationic exchange resins.

The invention relates to a process for the aminohydroxylation of alkenes using N-oxycarbamate reagents, e.g. N-acyloxycarbamate, N-alkyloxycarbonyloxycarbamate and N-aralkoxycarbonyloxycarbamate reagents. The invention particularly relates to an intermolecular aminohydroxylation reaction that can be carried out in the absence of added base. The invention also relates to novel N-oxycarbamate reagents that are stable crystalline materials. The process of the invention is useful in the synthesis of compounds having a vicinal amino alcohol moiety, such as biologically active compounds.

The present invention provides carbonate prodrugs which comprise a carbonic phosphoric anhydride prodrug moiety attached to the hydroxyl or carboxyl group of a parent drug moiety. The prodrugs may provide improved physicochemical properties over the parent drug. Also provided are methods of treating a disease or condition that is responsive to the parent drug using the carbonate prodrugs, as well as kits and unit dosages.

The present invention is directed to an isomerized alpha olefin sulfonate and a method of making the same wherein the isomerized alpha olefin sulfonate is derived from sulfonating an isomerized alpha olefin with sulfur trioxide in the presence of air thereby producing an isomerized alpha olefin sulfonic acid, wherein the isomerized alpha olefin is derived from the isomerization of C12-C20 normal alpha olefins; and neutralizing the isomerized alpha olefin sulfonic acid with a source of an alkali metal or ammonium or substituted ammonium ion.

Novel oxidized thiophospholipids are provided herein, as well as methods for producing same, and uses thereof in treating or preventing an inflammation associated with endogenous oxidized lipids and related conditions. Exemplary oxidized thiophospholipid according to embodiments described herein have the formula: wherein X1, X2, A1, A2, B', B″, D' and D″ are as described herein.

This invention relates to novel precursors suitable for 18F radiolabeling of glutamate derivatives, methods for preparing such compounds and its intermediates, compositions comprising such compounds, kits comprising such compounds or compositions and methods for 18F radiolabeling of glutamate derivatives wherein the obtained 18F radiolabeled glutamate derivatives are suitable for diagnostic imaging by Positron Emission Tomography (PET) of proliferative diseases e.g. tumor in mammals.

A phosphazene compound having a vinyl group is manufactured by a reaction between a vinyl compound and a phosphazene compound having a hydroxyl group and added to a resin composition for manufacturing a prepreg or a resin film so as to be applicable to copper-clad laminates and printed circuit boards to thereby achieve satisfactory circuit laminate properties, namely low coefficient of thermal expansion, low dielectric properties, heat resistant, fire resistant, and halogen-free.

Fluoroalkyl alkyl carbonates and fluorosubstituted carbamates which are suitable as additives or solvents in lithium ion batteries are prepared from fluoroalkyl fluoroformates and the respective alcohol or amine. Methanol is the preferred alcohol, dimethylamine and diethylamine are preferred amines. Fluoromethyl methyl carbonate is the preferred compound to be produced. Fluoroalkyl fluoroformates can be prepared from aldehydes and carbonyl fluoride.

The present invention relates to a process for the synthesis of 2-cyanophenylboronic acid and the esters and salts thereof of formula (II), which are intermediates of the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients such as Perampanel or E2040. formula (II): (II).

The present invention provides a process for preparing triorgano borates with low alcohol content.

A method for producing a silica-supported catalyst comprising Mo, V. Nb, and a component X (Sb and/or Te) to be used in a vapor phase catalytic oxidation or ammoxidation of proprane, comprising the steps of: (I) preparing a raw material mixture solution by mixing Mo, V, Nb, component X, a silica sol, and water;(II) obtaining a dry powder by drying the raw material mixture solution; and(III) obtaining a silica-supported catalyst by calcining the dry powder, wherein the silica sol contains 10 to 270 wt ppm of nitrate ions based on SiO2.

The invention relates to (among other things) oligomer-foscarnet conjugates and related compounds. A conjugate of the invention, when administered by any of a number of administration routes, exhibits advantages over previously administered un-conjugated foscarnet compounds.

A process for producing a high-purity dimethyl carbonate, which includes: (I) cooling a commercial grade dimethyl carbonate containing 1 ppm or more of chlorine to a temperature from +6° C. to −5° C. at a rate from 0.5-2° C./hour, to obtain a first solid dimethyl carbonate; (II) heating the first solid dimethyl carbonate to a temperature from −5° C. to +6° C. at a rate of 1-5° C./hour, to obtain a mixture comprising a second solid dimethyl carbonate and a predetermined amount of a first liquid dimethyl carbonate; (III) separating the first liquid dimethyl carbonate from the mixture, to obtain the second solid dimethyl carbonate; (IV) heating the second solid dimethyl carbonate to a temperature from 20° C. to 40° C., to obtain a second liquid dimethyl carbonate, wherein the second liquid dimethyl carbonate has a purity degree higher than 99.99% and a chlorine content lower than or equal to 1 ppm.

The present disclosure relates to a sulfonated benzene compound emitting fluorescence by reaction with hydrogen peroxide, aqueous-dispersed fluorescent nanoprobes applicable for real-time detection of hydrogen peroxide, and a fluorescent nanoprobe fabrication method. The fluorescent nanoprobe contains the following sulfonated benzene compound and water.

Organophosphorus compounds, catalytic systems comprising a metallic element forming a complex with the organophosphorus compounds and methods of hydrocyanation and of hydroformylation employed in the presence of the catalytic systems are described.

A novel substituted N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) derivative and methods of using this compound for the treatment of diseases and/or conditions, including but not limited to diseases and/or conditions of, or involving, the Central Nervous System (CNS), including schizophrenia adrenoleukodystrophy, mitochondrial diseases (e.g. Leigh syndrome, Alpers' disease, and MELAS), Huntington's disease, trichotillomania, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, drug craving, and drug addiction.

The present disclosure is directed to, in part, an aliphatic polycarbonate polymerization reaction initiated by combining an epoxide with carbon dioxide in the presence of a catalytic transition metal-ligand complex to form a reaction mixture, and further quenching that polymerization reaction by contacting the reaction mixture with an acid containing a non-nucleophilic anion produces a crude polymer solution with improved stability and processability.

Substituted phenylcarbamoyl alkylamino arenes; substituted phenylthiocarbamyl alkylamino arenes; substituted phenylcarbamoyl alkylamino heteroarenes; substituted phenylthiocarbamyl alkylamino heteroarenes; N-substituted aryl, N'-substituted aryl urea compounds; N-substituted aryl, N'-substituted heteroaryl urea compounds; N-substituted aryl, N'-substituted aryl thiourea compounds and N-substituted aryl, N'-substituted heteroaryl thiourea compounds are provided and may find use as androgen receptor modulators. The compounds may find particular use in treating prostate cancer, including castration-resistant prostate cancer and/or hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

Alkyl nitrate ester compounds are provided for the delivery of nitric oxide to targeted muscle tissues, and in particular, to normal and dystrophic muscles. In one aspect, nitrate ester compounds are provided having the following formula: wherein, R1 is ONO2, CH2ONO2, CnH2n+1OH, CnH2n+1OH, or CH2CH2CH3, or H;R2 is ONO2, CH2ONO2, Cn'H2n'+1OH, Cn'H2n'+1OH, CH2CH2CH3 or H; andR3 is ONO2, CH2ONO2, Cn'″H2n″+1OH, Cn″H2n″+1OH, CH2CH2CH3 or H; wherein n is an integer from 0 to 9, n' is an integer from 0 to 9, and n″ is an integer from 0 to 9, and n+n'+n″≦9, and wherein at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is an ester nitrate selected from the group consisting of ONO2, CH2ONO2, and combinations thereof.

A process for producing a purified O-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenyl)-O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate, the process comprising: the first step of bringing a crude O-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenyl)-O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate into contact with an acid; andthe second step of recovering the purified O-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenyl)-O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate from the mixture obtained in the first step.

The present invention relates to processes for preparing 3-methylsulfonylpropionitrile. The processes provide a good yield and a good purity of the final product and provide a controllable reaction. The present invention also relates to a crystalline form of 3-methylsulfonylpropionitrile having X-ray diffraction peaks at 13.9±0.1, 19.2±0.1, 20.0±0.1, 22.5±0.1, 23.2±0.1, 25.7±0.1, 28.1±0.1, 29.9±0.1, and 30.6±0.1 degrees 2θ, and wherein the most intense peak is the peak at 13.9±0.1 degrees 2θ.

There is provided a method for producing an aqueous acrylamide solution by reacting a composition including acrylonitrile with water to produce acrylamide, in which the composition including acrylonitrile includes 3 to 15 mg of propionitrile per 1 kg of the total weight of the composition including acrylonitrile. According to the present invention, a production method with which it is possible to suppress acrylamide polymerization without lowering quality and thereby obtain a stable aqueous acrylamide solution can be provided.

The esterfication of hypophosphorous acid is followed by reaction with another molecule of alcohol under the action of a nickel catalyst to provide a green method for the preparation of H-phosphonate diesters. This method avoids the need for any stoichiometric chlorine unlike those based on phosphorous trichloride.

Preparation method of aromatic boronate compound is provided, in which the is as follows: reacting aromatic amine Ar-NH2, with diboronic ester and alkyl nitrite in the presence of organic solvent, where Ar represents non-heterocyclic aryl. It enables for the first time the preparation of aromatic boronate from aromatic amine in one step by the present method.

Aromatic N-halosulfonamide organic compounds have been known for over one hundred years. The ability of these compounds to release active halogen ions has been utilized in a range of biocidal and fungicidal applications. This disclosure deals with the use of halo active aromatic sulfonamide organic compounds as odor control and/or biocidal agents in a cleaning solution for use with bovines and other dairy animals.

The invention provides a process for preparing diaryl carbonates from dialkyl carbonates and aromatic hydroxyl compounds using at least two reaction columns, a process section for recovering the dialkyl carbonate used in the reaction and for removing the alcohol of reaction, one or more process steps for removing the by-products obtained in the process which have a boiling point between that of the dialkyl carbonate and that of the alkyl aryl carbonate formed during the preparation of the diaryl carbonate, and a process step for further purification of the diaryl carbonate obtained from the reaction columns.

An improved multi-reaction zone process provides for improved nitrile product quality and yield. In a first reaction zone, 1,3-butadiene is reacted with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a catalyst to produce pentenenitriles comprising 3-pentenenitrile and 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile. In a second reaction zone, 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, recovered from the first reaction zone, is isomerized to 3-pentenenitrile. In an optional third reaction zone, 3-pentenenitrile recovered from the first and second reaction zones is reacted with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a catalyst and a Lewis acid to produce adiponitrile. A portion of the first catalyst is purified and recycled. Zero valent nickel is added to the purified first catalyst before it is recycled.

Adiponitrile is made by reacting 3-pentenenitrile with hydrogen cyanide. The 3-pentenenitrile is made by reacting 1,3-butadiene with hydrogen cyanide and by isomerizing 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile. The reaction of 1,3-butadiene with hydrogen cyanide to produce 3-pentenenitrile also produces small amounts of dinitrile compounds, including adiponitrile (ADN) and methylglutaronitrile (MGN). Methylglutaronitrile is removed to provide an adiponitrile-enriched stream, which is used in a catalyst purification step.

The present invention relates to a process for hydrocyanating 3-pentenenitrile. The process can include feeding 3-pentenenitrile and HCN to a hydrocyanation reaction zone that includes a Lewis acid promoter, nickel, and a phosphorus-containing ligand. In various embodiments, the process can also include controlling water concentration within the hydrocyanation reaction zone sufficient to maintain a high activity of the ligand catalyst complex while recycling at least a portion of the ligand catalyst complex.

There is provided a method for producing an aqueous acrylamide solution by reacting a composition including acrylonitrile with water to produce acrylamide, in which the composition including acrylonitrile includes 3 to 15 mg of propionitrile per 1 kg of the total weight of the composition including acrylonitrile. According to the present invention, a production method with which it is possible to suppress acrylamide polymerization without lowering quality and thereby obtain a stable aqueous acrylamide solution can be provided.

A method and apparatus for using an ad hoc peer-to-peer distributed message bus is provided. The method may include determining, by a local bus node, using a first power level communication protocol, that a remote bus node is available, obtaining, by the local bus node, connection information from the remote bus node using a second power level communication protocol, wherein the connection information comprises connection information for one or more remote endpoints associated with the remote bus node, and generating one or more local virtual endpoints, wherein each of the one or more local virtual endpoints corresponds to each of the one or more remote endpoints, and wherein the remote endpoint is described with reference to a well-known name, unique to the remote endpoint.

A system receives a first request for data associated with a data stream received over a first network from a remote source and then determines when the requested data will be available based on analyzing the data stream. The system communicates a second request for the requested data over a second network to the remote source when the requested data will not be available from the data stream within a threshold time and receives the requested data from the remote source over at least one from the list including the first network and the second network.

Improved techniques for managing enterprise applications on mobile devices are described herein. Each enterprise mobile application running on the mobile device has an associated policy through which it interacts with its environment. The policy selectively blocks or allows activities involving the enterprise application in accordance with rules established by the enterprise. Together, the enterprise applications running on the mobile device form a set of managed applications. Managed applications are typically allowed to exchange data with other managed applications, but are blocked from exchanging data with other applications, such as the user's own personal applications. Policies may be defined to manage data sharing, mobile resource management, application specific information, networking and data access solutions, device cloud and transfer, dual mode application software, enterprise app store access, and virtualized application and resources, among other things.

Methods, apparatuses and systems directed to account-based access to media services are described. A media access controller server validates a voucher for an offer of network content and issues a token permitting access to the content. A media access manager server validates the token and invokes a playlist-generation step at a publishing point, and returns the content to a user's media player. A custom plug-in on the media access manager may enforce terms of service imposed by the publisher, such as a maximum number of simultaneous streams permitted by a single voucher, or a time window for use of the voucher. Streams whose voucher's end time has expired are terminated by the plug-in.

A portable communication device for phone calling is herein disclosed and enabled. The portable communication device includes a USB interface for connecting to an external USB port of a computing device for enabling phone calling services using the portable communication device. Upon connecting the portable communication device to the external USB port of the computing device, a phone calling software component or data stored in the portable communication device may execute for enabling phone calling services. The portable communication device may also include one or more ports, and may include an interface for Ethernet connection for connecting to the Internet and for making phone calls without the need for connecting the portable communication device to the external USB port. The portable communication device may further include a Wi-Fi wireless component for local wireless communication, and may be implemented as an adapter-sized dongle for providing phone calling services.

In V2V or other networks in which multiple video cameras can share video data, a network participant ordinarily has the option of selecting a particular video data stream (either generated by local cameras or received from other network participants. To facilitate the process of selecting a video data stream for presentation, the user's vehicle (in a V2V network) receives video data streams generated by other network participants along with identifiers indicating the video data stream actually being presented to the sender. The receiving system identifies the received video data stream by the greatest number of network participants and displays the identified video data stream on the user's in-vehicle video display.

There is provided a system and method for dynamically generated client side streaming playlists. There is provided a method comprising receiving a request to stream a video asset for playback, retrieving, from a network, a video asset playlist corresponding to the video asset and an ad campaign playlist, generating a consolidated video playlist including the video asset playlist and the ad campaign playlist, and processing the consolidated video playlist using a media playback framework to stream a plurality of video files from the network for decoding and output to a display. Discontinuity tags within the video asset playlist may be utilized as insertion points for portions of the ad campaign playlist. The consolidated video playlist may be accessed through a local HTTP web server, advantageously allowing the use of commonly installed media playback framework models such as QuickTime X to trigger adaptive bitrate support through HTTP Live Streaming.

Internet streaming from broadcast radio or television stations is described wherein triggers for dynamic content from internal or external systems cause an encoder system to generate command messages, and to optionally synchronize those command messages with any delays associated with the triggering events. Command messages are delivered through a streaming media distribution system to client media players which obtain or present the dynamic content, in association with any desired configuration changes to the appearance of the media player or the method or manner in which the dynamic content is presented.