Matthews, John, 1983- author

Spatz, Ben, author

Badiou, Alain, author

Schneider, Rebecca

Holdsworth, Nadine

Dolan, Jill, 1957-

McConachie, Bruce A

Bennett, Susan, 1955-

Stebbins, Robert A., 1938- author

Pascoe, Robin, author

Wood, Katrina, author

Bogart, Anne, 1951- author

Ewing, Robyn (Robyn Ann), 1955- author

Goebbels, Heiner, author

Robinson, Jo (Professor), author

Krishnan, Sarasa, author

Cixous, Hélène, 1937- author

Turner, Cathy, author

Duetting as a collective behavior Logue, David M.; Krupp, Daniel B. Mated birds of many species vocalize together, producing duets. Duetting behavior occurs at two levels of organization: the individual level and the pair level. Individuals initiate vocalizations, answer their mates’ vocalizations, and control the structure and timing of their own vocalizations. Pairs produce duets that vary with respect to duration, temporal coordination, and phrase-type combinations, among other properties. To make sense of this hierarchical structure, organize duetting research, and identify new avenues of investigation, we advocate a “collective behavior” approach to the study of duets. We critically review key terminology in the duetting literature in light of this approach, and elucidate six insights that emerge from the collective behavior approach: (1) Individual-level behaviors describe pair-level behaviors, but the opposite is not true; (2) The level of organization informs how we test for the rules that govern behavior; (3) Functional hypotheses about duetting must distinguish individual from group characters; (4) Stimulus-response, cybernetics, and entrainment offer alternative hypotheses for the cognitive control of duetting behavior; (5) Avian duetting has the potential to be a model system for the ontogeny of vocal interaction; and (6) The collective behavior approach suggests new avenues of research. Ultimately, we argue that nearly every aspect of duetting research stands to benefit from adopting a collective behavior approach. This approach also has applications to other forms of interactive vocal communication in birds and primates, including humans. Sherpa Romeo green journal. Open access article. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) applies.

I only wrote a chapter in this new book, The HTML and CSS Workshop: A New, Interactive Approach to Learning HTML and CSS, but it is a new book and my name is on it and it’s on Amazon, so it’s still ???? cool. I wrote the chapter on Themes, Colors, and Polish. Here’s what […]

News flash! Both Mastering SVG and The HTML and CSS Workshop are available as eBooks for $5 starting today.

While we’re preparing an upcoming release, I didn’t want the day to go by without mentioning that ten years ago today, HTML5 Boilerplate was released. Here’s the story of the project as we wrote it up a few years ago. The History of HTML5 Boilerplate Sometime in 2009… “Wouldn’t it be great if we created […]

Doubts grow over whether New Delhi can boost revenues from privatisations

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US investment group halts withdrawals in move that could rock asset management industry

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More than 140m migrant workers have lost jobs since the lockdown began and now face destitution

It’s common to present dates on the Web in a format such as "Published on September 12th, 2015", or "09/12/2015 09:41:23".

Each of these examples tells the full date and/or time of some kind of activity – be it a published article, or a reader comment, or perhaps an uploaded video.

Date formats like this might seem perfectly reasonable. After all, they’re informative and human-readable. Well yes, but “human-readable” doesn’t necessary mean users will readily be able to understand how recently the activity has occurred. The Web is a fast-moving place, and giving your content a sense of freshness could be the key to engaging with your audience.

I combined my ideas and practical solutions into an article which you are very welcome to read on SitePoint.

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See the Demo

My session driver of choice for CodeIgniter is database. A while ago, I noticed millions of rows in the corresponding database table. That means that garbage collector was not working. I checked config.php for sess_regenerate_destroy, but it was already set to false. It was really weird because the problem seemed to have come out of nowhere – not much ago things were working just fine.

After a short investigation, I found out this was and still is a common problem for those who had upgraded their CodeIgniter version from 2.x to 3.x. Turns out, the later possesses heavy changes for Sessions library. And most importantly – fundamental changes in dealing with garbage: CodeIgniter 3.x relies on PHP's native grabage collector. So, in order to get things working again, we need to configure PHP properly.

The Solution

Today there are three PHP-native settings for dealing with session garbage collector. CodeIgniter's Session library has already taken care of one of them – gc_maxlifetime – so there's no need for an extra touch here. The problem lies within the rest: session.gc_probability and/or session.gc_divisor. These two determine when the garbage collector is running. Here's what php.net says:

session.gc_divisor coupled with session.gc_probability defines the probability that the gc (garbage collection) process is started on every session initialization. The probability is calculated by using gc_probability/gc_divisor, e.g. 1/100 means there is a 1% chance that the GC process starts on each request.

In my case, using ini_get() revealed the following values: 0 and 1000. The equation 0/1000=0 meant there was no chance the garbage collector would even run.

Finally, I solved the problem by using the values officially stated as default and by putting the following lines of PHP code into config/config.php file:

ini_set( 'session.gc_probability',	1 );
ini_set( 'session.gc_divisor',		100 );

Theoretically, this means that the garbage collector usually runs once every 100th request. It's more than enough, but it is up to you whether that causes too many unnecessary hits to database. An alternative solution for heavy-traffic websites could be having a 0% probability on the production site and a Cronjob-based script which removes database rows of the expired sessions.

Middleman is a Ruby based static site generator which we use heavily at Kollegorna both for prototyping (checkout our Middleman boilerplate) and production sites. In my previous article on Service Worker, I overviewed the most common challenges you may face when implementing the technology. This time I’d like to dive into a single specific topic of enabling a worker on Middleman based website as there are a few things to deal with…

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Or the priority navigation pattern, or progressively collapsing navigation menu. We can name it in at least three ways..

There are multiple UX solutions for tabs and menus and each of them have their own advantages over another, you just need to pick the best for the case you are trying to solve. At design and development agency Kollegorna we were debating on the most appropriate UX technique for tabs for our client’s website…

I wrote an article, coded a demo and got it all published on CSS-Tricks — you're very welcome to read, try and use it!

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Try the demo

Hayden Library - TA418.9.N35 N396 2012

Barker Library - TA418.9.N35 N68 2012

Hayden Library - TA418.9.N35 P65 2011

Barker Library - TK7874.85.B49 2013

Hayden Library - TA418.9.N35 I5737 2013

Hayden Library - TA418.9.N35 S54 2011