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Pre- and Postsynaptic MEF2C Promotes Experience-Dependent, Input-Specific Development of Cortical Layer 4 to Layer 2/3 Excitatory Synapses and Regulates Activity-Dependent Expression of Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecules

Experience- and activity-dependent transcription is a candidate mechanism to mediate development and refinement of specific cortical circuits. Here, we demonstrate that the activity-dependent transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) is required in both presynaptic layer (L) 4 and postsynaptic L2/3 mouse (male and female) somatosensory (S1) cortical neurons for development of this specific synaptic connection. While postsynaptic deletion of Mef2c weakens L4 synaptic inputs, it has no effect on inputs from local L2/3, contralateral S1, or the ipsilateral frontal/motor cortex. Similarly, homozygous or heterozygous deletion of Mef2c in presynaptic L4 neurons weakens L4 to L2/3 excitatory synaptic inputs by decreasing presynaptic release probability. Postsynaptic MEF2C is specifically required during an early postnatal, experience-dependent, period for L4 to L2/3 synapse function, and expression of transcriptionally active MEF2C (MEF2C-VP16) rescues weak L4 to L2/3 synaptic strength in sensory-deprived mice. Together, these results suggest that experience- and/or activity-dependent transcriptional activation of MEF2C promotes development of L4 to L2/3 synapses. Additionally, MEF2C regulates the expression of many pre- and postsynaptic genes in postnatal cortical neurons. Interestingly, MEF2C was necessary for activity-dependent expression of many presynaptic genes, including those that function in transsynaptic adhesion and neurotransmitter release. This work provides mechanistic insight into the experience-dependent development of specific cortical circuits.




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Ants Farmed Fungi in the Wake of Dinosaurs’ Demise 66 Million Years Ago

A new study from Smithsonian scientists analyzes ant and fungus species, and uncovers the origins of their close partnership




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These 17 Pictures Tell the Stories of Black Athletes in America

A new book from the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture shows the images and impacts of athletes on and off the playing field




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See What Happened When One Museum Asked Artists to Define ‘Home’

The Smithsonian Design Triennial presents 25 commissions that explore the physical and conceptual ideas of shelter and refuge




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Six months after disaster, Philippine farmers bring in the harvest

Tens of thousands of farmers are bringing in their first rice harvest just six months after one of the worst typhoons to ever hit the Philippines left their fields in [...]




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Latin America and the Caribbean redouble efforts to eradicate hunger

Representatives of all countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have gathered here this week to agree on the actions needed to definitively eradicate hunger in the region before 2025. [...]




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Crisis-hit farmers receive seeds and tools in Central African Republic

A major operation to distribute seeds and tools has been launched in the Central African Republic to support [...]




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FAO urges global commitment to tackle world's nutrition challenges

FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva today called on countries to put nutrition high on their national and international agendas, and to take a lead role in the upcoming Second [...]




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Family farmers' market being held in FAO headquarters Atrium

Family farming is inextricably linked to national and global food security. Both in developing and developed countries, family farming is the leading form of agriculture in food production. Family farmers [...]




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Morocco's first South-South Cooperation agreement to benefit Guinea and other countries in Africa

Building on previous efforts, the Kingdom of Morocco will offer technical assistance to the Republic of Guinea through a South-South Cooperation Tripartite Agreement signed today at FAO headquarters by FAO [...]




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FAO appoints Prince Laurent of Belgium Special Ambassador for Forests and the Environment

Prince Laurent of Belgium was today appointed FAO Special Ambassador for Forests and the Environment.

The announcement was made by FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva at the Organization’s Committee on [...]




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FAO and China team up in SSC tripartite agreement to boost local farmers in Namibia

FAO and China have signed a two-year tripartite cooperation agreement worth about N$10.5 million (US$1.5 million) that will boost the efforts of local farmers in Namibia. The agreement, which is [...]




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MERCOSUR Government representatives praise FAO's support of family farming and hunger eradication efforts

Santiago, Chile- The declaration of the XXI Specialized Meeting on Family Farming of MERCOSUR (REAF, in Spanish) held last week in Argentina, acknowledged the advances promoted by FAO’s Director General, [...]




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Food security tops agenda of FAO Director-General's meeting with India's Prime Minister Modi

The [...]




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Ministers meet at FAO to discuss role of commodity markets

Rome - Governments ought to review the [...]




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Rome Based Agencies making an impact in Burkina Faso

FAO, IFAD and WFP/Burkina [...]




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Director General opens FAO Council meeting

FAO Director-General Graziano da Silva today opened the 150th session of the FAO Council, highlighting the successful conclusion of the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2), held last month in [...]




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Euro-Mediterranean Conference on Agriculture welcomes FAO transformational changes

Rome, 2 December 2014 – The Ministers of Agriculture of the European Union and of other Mediterranean countries welcomed FAO’s transformational changes implemented in the last two years, and underlined [...]




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FAO Council closure: Director-General urges Members to focus on implementation early in 2015

5 December 2014, Rome – At the closure of the FAO Council held today, the [...]




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Register now and be part of the television audience: RAI3 documentary series at FAO

Scala Mercalli hosted by Italian environmentalist Luca Mercalli begins filming in the Sheikh Zayed Centre in FAO this week! 

Episodes will be shot in front of a live audience every Thursday [...]




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Main features of the Medium Term Plan 2014-17 (Reviewed) and Programme of Work and Budget 2016-17 are outlined

The 2016-17 Programme of Work and Budget will consolidate the existing actions within the Medium Term Plan and the Strategic Framework, emphasizing areas to reflect recent trends and developments, with [...]




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Internal documents now publically available

FAO is making publically available for the first time, a series of internal documents relating to programme and project management, among others. These documents range from the guidelines on the [...]




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THE HINDU: Agriculture can't remain the same, says FAO official

With rapid soil degradation, fast depletion of groundwater, excessive use of pesticides-fertilizers and extreme weather events all collectively putting stress on farming and forestry, it is time to recognise the [...]




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EL PAÍS, Maria Helena Semedo: “Agriculture should be integrated in climate change policies”

MANUEL PLANELLES, EL PAÍS, Paris- “Agriculture is seen as a threat in the fight against climate change,” Maria Helena Semedo warns. The Deputy Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization [...]




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LA REPÚBLICA, José Graziano da Silva: A new path to development

Bogotá- Latin America and the Caribbean is at a decisive juncture in its history. Thanks to its advancements in social, economic, and production-based terms, the region is on its way to [...]




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Statement of the FAO Secretariat under agenda item 12 “Proposal of the Republic of Korea for the establishment of an FAO World Fisheries University”

Mr Chairman,

I wish to convey, through you, to the Committee on Fisheries, the considered views of the FAO Secretariat on the item on the proposed Fisheries University.  

So far, the [...]




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FAO and India's SEWA join efforts to empower rural women and youth

India's Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA) and FAO are strengthening their collaboration to boost rural development and reduce poverty in Asia and Africa via local initiatives focused on empowering rural [...]




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FAO urges strong and effective implementation of global anti-rogue fishing treaty

Washington, 15 September 2016 - The recent entry into force of a ground-breaking international accord on illegal fishing is a welcome development but it now requires "strong and effective implementation", FAO [...]




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Assessment shows technical capacity on the rise since 2012

Further to Council-endorsed adjustments to the 2016-17 Programme of Work and Budget (PWB) made in 2015, an assessment of the technical capacity of the Organization by a team of independent [...]




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FAO Director-General listed among the most influential Latin Americans

FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva has been selected as one of the world's most influential Latin Americans for his work against hunger and malnutrition in the world. In its [...]




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FAO welcomed as the Swiss Salon's international guest of honor

FAO was the international guest of honour at the 2017 Salon Goûts et Terroirs, a Swiss cultural and gastronomic exhibition that took place from 29 November - 3 December.




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Major outcomes and follow-ups of the Seventh Session of the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA

The Governing Body took a number of decisions that require action by Contracting Parties. This communication draws the attention of Contracting Parties to those decisions that are addressed to [...]




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Interview with Ambassador Hans Hoogeveen, Chair of the Programme Committee

Q: Ambassador, how did the Programme Committee in its recent session judge FAO's contribution to the eradication of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition?

Ambassador Hoogeveen: [...]




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UNGA Resolution A/RES/72/279 and related documentation available here

Further to the Director-General’s speech delivered to the 159th Session of the FAO Council this morning, Monday 4 June and specifically with reference to the letter from [...]




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The 159th session of the FAO Council came to a close last Friday, following intense week-long deliberations, concluding in consensus

Addressing the plenary meeting in the closing session of the 159th Session of the Council, the Director-General expressed his appreciation to delegates for their commitment and hard work to [...]




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FAO launches new space on FAO.org to showcase Member Countries

Over the last twenty years, the FAO corporate website has expanded to meet diverse Organizational needs and promote the work of divisions and country offices across FAO. When Director [...]




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A lifetime of fighting hunger

To celebrate FAO’s 75th anniversary, a new publication chronicles the history of the Organization and shares its vision for the future. FAO at 75 – Grow, nourish, sustain. Together provides a snapshot of [...]




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High-level event commemorating the Fifth Anniversary of the Paris Agreement

On the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the Paris Agreement, the event will highlight the key role of the agricultural sectors in supporting the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement, [...]




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Global consultation on the implementation of the UN Decade of Family farming (UNDFF) in 2019-2020

In December 2017, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the UN Decade of Family Farming 2019-2028 (UNDFF) to serve as a framework for developing public policies and investments to [...]




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FAO - Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Programme call for experts

Rome - The FAO - Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Programme opens the process of establishing a new Scientific Advisory Groupfor the 2021-2022 term.  The Programme is seeking for [...]




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Recommended reads ahead of the 42nd session of the FAO Conference

The FAO Conference meets every two years to determine the policies of the Organization, approve the budget, and make recommendations to its Members. 

If you would like to dig deeper into [...]




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Global Dialogue and High-level Segment on the Role of Food and Agriculture in the Global Biodiversity Framework 6-7 July 2021

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in collaboration with the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), will hold a Global Dialogue on the [...]




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Follow the Director-General's meetings at the Pre-Summit

The Pre-Summit will bring together the global efforts to shape the transformation of agri-food systems.




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The Pre-Summit of the UN Food Systems Summit, 26-28 July 2021, Rome

Delivering the latest evidence-based and scientific approaches, launching new commitments for food systems transformation.




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AMR Multi-Stakeholder Partnership Platform - Creating a movement for change through engaging multiple actors and voices

The Tripartite organizations (FAO, OIE, WHO) invite partners to join public discussion on the establishment of the AMR Multi-Stakeholder Partnership Platform.




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Report on the implementation of the United Nations Decade of Family Farming (2019–2028)

In December 2017, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the UN Decade of Family Farming 2019-2028 (UNDFF) to serve as a framework for developing public policies and investments to [...]




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Programme Implementation Report 2020-21

In an exceptionally challenging biennium, see how FAO rose to the challenge, implementing a global, holistic and multipronged strategy to support Members.





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Annual Report on Private Sector Engagement, 2021

This newly-released report highlights the progress made since FAO’s Strategy for Private Sector Engagement 2021-2025 was approved during the 165th session of the Council in December 2020. It discusses important [...]




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FAO Technical Briefing “Integrated Water Resources Management for Food Security and Climate Resilience"

26 October 2022, 09.00-16.00 (CEST)

Water is a fundamental resource enabling the production of over 95% of food on land as well the progress of all sustainable development goals [...]