JAMA Topic Review: Edward Livingston, MD, FACS, AGAF, Deputy Editor of JAMA, explores how the study by Paulina Salminen, MD, PhD, supports treating appendicitis without surgery

Interview with Deborah A. Levine, MD, MPH, author of Trajectory of Cognitive Decline After Incident Stroke

Interview with Diana W. Bianchi, MD, author of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing and Incidental Detection of Occult Maternal Malignancies

Interview with Thomas A. Gaziano, MD, MSc, author of Cost-effectiveness of 10-Year Risk Thresholds for Initiation of Statin Therapy for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Interview with Carolina Malta Hansen, MD, author of Association of Bystander and First-Responder Intervention With Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in North Carolina, 2010-2013

Interview with Harlan M. Krumholz, MD, SM, author of Mortality, Hospitalizations, and Expenditures for the Medicare Population Aged 65 Years or Older, 1999-2013

Interview with Drew Altman, PhD and William Frist, MD, authors of Medicare and Medicaid at 50 Years: Perspectives of Beneficiaries, Health Care Professionals and Institutions, and Policy Makers

Interview with Rachel E. Patzer, PhD, MPH, author of Variation in Dialysis Facility Referral for Kidney Transplantation Among Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease in Georgia. This population epidemiology study uses United States Renal Data System data to characterize dialysis facility–level referral for kidney transplant evaluation in Georgia, the US state with the lowest transplantation rates, and patient and facility factors associated with referral and waitlisting.

Interview with Adam M. Leventhal, PhD, author of Association of Electronic Cigarette Use With Initiation of Combustible Tobacco Product Smoking in Early Adolescence

Interview with Nancy A. Rigotti, MD, author of e-Cigarette Use and Subsequent Tobacco Use by Adolescents: New Evidence About a Potential Risk of e-Cigarettes

Interview with Kaycee M. Sink, MD, MAS, author of Effect of a 24-Month Physical Activity Intervention vs Health Education on Cognitive Outcomes in Sedentary Older Adults: The LIFE Randomized Trial

Interview with Timothy Ley, MD, author of Association Between Mutation Clearance After Induction Therapy and Outcomes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Interview with Ahmedin Jemal, DVM, PhD, author of Temporal Trends in Mortality in the United States, 1969-2013

Interview with Ahmedin Jemal, DVM, PhD, author of Temporal Trends in Mortality in the United States, 1969-2013, and J. Michael McGinnis, MD, MPP, author of Mortality Trends and Signs of Health Progress. Also in this episode is a conversation with Christopher J.L. Murray, MD, DPhil, a Professor of Global Health at the University of Washington and Institute Director of the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.

Interview with David Simel, MD, author of Does This Patient With Chest Pain Have Acute Coronary Syndrome? The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review

ACS is a common and potentially lethal problem. However, only about 10% of patients who present to an emergency department with chest pain actually have ACS. In this JAMA Clinical Reviews podcast, we discuss which signs, symptoms and tests used to make the diagnosis of ACS are reliable.

Edward H. Livingston MD, speaks with Alexander Fanaroff, MD, author of Does This Patient With Chest Pain Have Acute Coronary Syndrome? The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review as well as a patient who was diagnosed with myocardial infarction.

Interview with Lee M. Jampol, MD, author of Panretinal Photocoagulation vs Intravitreous Ranibizumab for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with Leonard B. Bacharier, MD, author of Early Administration of Azithromycin and Prevention of Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Preschool Children With a History of Such Illnesses: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with Alex B. Haynes, MD, MPH, author of Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality

Interview with Ingrid M. Libman, MD, PhD, author of Effect of Metformin Added to Insulin on Glycemic Control Among Overweight/Obese Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

Interview with Roger Stupp, MD, author of Maintenance Therapy With Tumor-Treating Fields Plus Temozolomide vs Temozolomide Alone for Glioblastoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with Gaëtan Deslée, MD, PhD, author of Lung Volume Reduction Coil Treatment vs Usual Care in Patients With Severe Emphysema: The REVOLENS Randomized Clinical Trial

Peripheral neuropathy is a highly prevalent and morbid condition affecting 2% to 7% of the population. Patients frequently experience pain and are at risk of falls, ulcerations, and amputations. It is most commonly occurs in patients with diabetes. For most cases, the diagnosis and treatment of neuropathy can be made without complex testing or referral to specialists. Drs. Eva Feldman and Brian Callaghan from the University of Michigan Department of Neurology, authors of Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy and Electrodiagnostic Tests in Polyneuropathy and Radiculopathy, explain how to manage neuropathy.

Interview with Martha Clare Morris, ScD, author of Association of Seafood Consumption, Brain Mercury Level, and APOE ε4 Status With Brain Neuropathology in Older Adults

The 2015-2020 US Dietary Guidelines for Americans were recently released. They are intended to provide guidance for health policy officials and clinicians regarding healthy diets and establishing goals for improving nutrition. These are important since bad eating habits are the underlying cause for a great deal of disease in the US and that these guidelines influence the operations of programs such as school lunch assistance, meals on wheels etc. Because these guidelines influence policy, they have been criticized by various investigators and special interest groups. Karen DeSalvo, MD, Acting Assistant Secretary for Health at HHS and author of Dietary Guidelines for Americans responds to some of these criticisms and explains how the guideline was created and what it is intended to do. Implementation of the guidelines dietary advice may be challenging and Deborah Clegg, RD, PhD, Professor of Internal Medicine at UCLA discusses how the various recommendations can be followed.

Community acquired pneumonia accounts for 600,000 hospital admissions a year. Many patients with this disease are quite ill and have a very high mortality. To save lives, the appropriate antibiotics should be given in a timely basis, but it is not clear what the best antibiotics are and how long they should be given. In this podcast we interview the author of a JAMA review on community acquired pneumonia, Dr Jonathan Lee, author of Antibiotic Therapy for Adults Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia, who performed a systematic review of the literature to determine the best way to treat community acquired pneumonia.

Interview with David C. Grossman, MD, MPH, author of Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

Interview with John G. Laffey, MD, MA, author of Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries

Interview with Michael P. Pignone, MD, MPH, author of Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

Interview with Lynn Babcock, MD, MS, author of Identifying Children and Adolescents at Risk for Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms

Polypharmacy is a rapidly worsening problem that hits elderly patients particularly hard.  As patients grow older, they need more medications but at the same time become less capable of managing the complexity of drug treatments.  In order to simplify treatment regimens for older patients, it is necessary to consider the evidence supporting treatment of various conditions and when the evidence is not particularly strong, reduce or eliminate medications accordingly.  Diabetes management in the elderly is highlighted in this podcast with specific attention given to deintensifying diabetes treatment in the elderly.

Articles discussed in this episode:

• Polypharmacy in the Aging Patient: Glycemic Control in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Review (Kasia J. Lipska, MD, MHS)
• Evaluation and Treatment of Older Patients With Hypercholesterolemia: A Clinical Review (Timo E. Strandberg, MD, PhD)
• Trends in Prescription Drug Use Among Adults in the United States From 1999-2012 (Elizabeth D. Kantor, PhD, MPH)

Interview with Daniel C. Cherkin, PhD, author of Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Usual Care on Back Pain and Functional Limitations in Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with Wendy C. King, PhD, author of Change in Pain and Physical Function Following Bariatric Surgery for Severe Obesity

Interview with William R. Phillips, MD, MPH, author of Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

Interview with Raj Chetty, PhD, author of The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014, and Angus Deaton, PhD, author of On Death and Money: History, Facts, and Explanations

Interview with Kiros Berhane, PhD, author of Association of Changes in Air Quality With Bronchitic Symptoms in Children in California, 1993-2012

Interview with Pascal Hammel, MD, author of Effect of Chemoradiotherapy vs Chemotherapy on Survival in Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Controlled After 4 Months of Gemcitabine With or Without Erlotinib: The LAP07 Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with Douglas B. White, MD, MAS, author of Prevalence of and Factors Related to Discordance About Prognosis Between Physicians and Surrogate Decision Makers of Critically Ill Patients

Interview with Gillian L. Booth, MD, author of Association of Neighborhood Walkability With Change in Overweight, Obesity, and Diabetes

Interview with Cynthia L. Ogden, PhD, author of Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014

Interview with Ann E. Kurth, PhD, RN, MSN, MPH, author of Screening for Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adults and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

Interview with Jeff D. Williamson, MD, MHS, author of Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Adults Aged ≥75 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Interview with Ezekiel J. Emanuel, MD, PhD, author of Attitudes and Practices of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide in the United States, Canada, and Europe

Lyme disease is very common in certain regions of the country and is caused by the spirochete Borrelia bergdorferi. Lyme disease is transmitted by tick bites and in this podcast we review the discovery of Lyme disease, its major clinical features, and how to diagnose and treat it, as told by Dr Alan Steere, Dr Lyndon Hu, and Dr Paul Auerwerter.

Related article: Review of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis

Interview with David Grossman, MD, author of Screening for Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

Interview with Dhruv S. Kazi, MD, MSc, MS, author of Cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 Inhibitor Therapy in Patients With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia or Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Interview with Joel G. Ray, MD, MSc, FRCPC, author of Association Between MRI Exposure During Pregnancy and Fetal and Childhood Outcomes

Interview with Vivian S. Lee, MD, PhD, MBA;, author of Implementation of a Value-Driven Outcomes Program to Identify High Variability in Clinical Costs and Outcomes: Association With Reduced Cost and Improved Quality, and Michael E. Porter, PhD, author of From Volume to Value in Health Care: The Work Begins

Interview with Jeffrey L Saver, M.D., author of Time to Treatment With Endovascular Thrombectomy and Outcomes From Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-analysis

Nearly all women experience some element of nausea and vomiting during their pregnancies. In this podcast we review the entire spectrum of disease all the way up to hyperemesis gravidarum and how to provide care for women experiencing these problems.

Article discussed in this episode:

Treatments for Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy