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Parallel switching occurs when two or more circuit-breakers are tripped to interrupt a shared fault current. This is typically the case for such bus arrangements as a double breaker, breaker-and-a-half, breaker-and-a-third, and ring buses. Ideally, all of the circuit-breakers should... Read more

The post Parallel switching phenomenon when MV/HV circuit breakers interrupt a shared fault current appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Circuit breakers (CBs) do interrupt fault currents and close onto faults. Besides, they could be used as isolation devices like disconnectors. The CBs manufacturers’ brochures and standards provide extensive data to select and assess the CBs performance, but designers must... Read more

The post MV/HV switchgear (circuit breaker) switching capability and suitability for specific applications appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This technical article discusses criteria and requirements for designing protection systems for busbars in HV/EHV networks. One of the most critical requirements is reliable busbar relay protection to assure power system integrity during fault conditions. This requirement is further emphasized because... Read more

The post Design issues in HV busbar protection systems (substation topology and DC power supply) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

High voltage power substations are complex networks of power and control connections, represented by design elements like- Single Line Diagrams, layout and block diagrams, schematics, logic diagrams, schedules, and so many more. Wiring diagrams and schematics, in a sense, are... Read more

The post Tricks in designing and analyzing schematics and diagrams of high voltage substations appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This technical article we will go through a number of existing applications for conducting a wide range of electrical studies. However, the practice says that studies involving load flow and fault analyses are the most commonly utilized programs in power transmission... Read more

The post Eleven most important calculations you can perform with power system analysis software appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Schematic drawings, also known as electrical or circuit diagrams, are essential tools for understanding and designing electrical circuits. Mastering schematic drawing is a fundamental skill for field engineers, allowing them to effectively troubleshoot, maintain, and modify electrical schemes. This technical... Read more

The post Fundamental concepts of schematic drawings for true field engineers (hands on HV schemes) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Electrical systems normally use current and voltage transformers for protection and measurement purposes. They represent the power system’s eyes and ears, and it’s essential to fully understand how they work, how to make the correct specification and most importantly, the... Read more

The post What steps should be taken to avoid choosing the incorrect current and voltage transformers? appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This article addresses the Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) concept in several aspects that matter the most in selecting the proper VFD for applications. One of the important factors is the control type required for a given application since it is... Read more

The post Guidelines for selecting the proper Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) for motor applications appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Proper analysis of the VFD’s power and control circuit diagrams is essential for successful troubleshooting. But before starting any analysis, you must know how your system connected through VFD works and how it breathes. You must also know all components... Read more

The post Inside Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) Panel: Configuration, Schematics and Troubleshooting appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Part 200: AC metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV Switchgears are important nodal points in modern power distribution. Correspondingly important is their reliable functioning, a clearly defined switching behavior... Read more

The post IEC 62271-200 – HV Switchgear And Controlgear appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

One of the significant challenges that substation engineers face is justifying substation automation investments. The positive impacts that automation has on operating costs, increased power quality, and reduced outage response are well known. But little attention is paid to how... Read more

The post Advantages Of IEC 61850 appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The countries of the European Economic Area (EEA) have agreed on common minimum regulatory requirements in order to ensure the free movement of products within the EEA. The CE marking indicates that the product works in conformity with the directives... Read more

The post EN61800-3 (IEC1800-3) – Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The audible sound radiated by transformers is generated by a combination of magnetostrictive deformation of the core and electromagnetic forces in the windings, tank walls and magnetic shields. Historically, the sound generated by the magnetic field inducing longitudinal vibrations in the... Read more

The post An Overview of IEC 60076-10 – Determination Of Sound Levels Of Power Transformers appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Flexibility, utilisation value and energy saving are the three main requirements for utility buildings (administration, office and public buildings, schools, hospitals, etc.). Apart from recouping investment costs, so-called life-cycle costs are also becoming increasingly important. These are made up of... Read more

The post Potential Energy Savings In Utility Buildings Using EIB appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Jet Pumps are mounted above ground and lift the water out of the ground through a suction pipe. Jets are popular in areas with high water tables and warmer climates. There are two categories of jet pumps and pump selection... Read more

The post Jet pumps used for private well systems or low flow irrigation applications appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Efficiencies of fan systems vary considerably across impeller types. The average energy saving potential in these systems in the U.S. manufacturing industry is estimated at 6%. For optimal savings and performance, it is recommended that a systems approach is used.... Read more

The post Six energy efficiency improvement opportunities in fan systems appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Instrumentation consumes large amounts of compressed air at many individual locations in a textile plant, but these uses are susceptible to leakage. Most such leaks are at threaded connection points, rubber hose connections, valves, regulators, seals, and in old pneumatic... Read more

The post Eleven energy-efficiency improvement opportunities in compressed air systems appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

In many buildings, HVAC is the first or second item in terms of energy costs. This technical article deals with optimisation tips and energy efficiency savings in heating systems of a building. Heating systems have always been used when the... Read more

The post 8 actions to improve energy efficiency in heating systems appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The problem of energy accessibility and production on Mars is one of the three main challenges for the upcoming colonisation of the red planet. The energetic potential on its turn is mainly dependent on the astrophysical characteristics of the planet.... Read more

The post Want to live and use energy on Mars? Why not? appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Photovoltaic markets can be classified based on the end-use application of the technology. The most common PV projects are off-grid applications. Water pumping also represents an important application of PV, particularly in developing countries. The largest long-term market potential for... Read more

The post Photovoltaic End-Use Application Markets appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

– Array Size: 10, 12-volt, 51-watt modules; Isc= 3.25 amps, Voc= 20.7 volts – Batteries: 800 amp-hours at 12 volts – Loads: 5 amps DC and 500-watt inverterwith 90% efficiency. The PV modules are mounted on the roof. Single-conductor cables... Read more

The post Calculation Example of Small Photovoltaic (PV) Residential Stand-Alone System appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

In order to understand a photovoltaic (PV) installation and its components we must be familiar with the following terms: Standard Test Conditions (STC) PV modules PV string and Array The output of a PV module is not stable it depends... Read more

The post 3 Photovoltaic Installation Terms To Be Familiar With appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Researches so far shows that, by 2020, around 20% of the total energy production worldwide will be generated from renewable energy. But the major problem with the standalone system is that the sources are not continuous. This intermittent nature of... Read more

The post Low voltage ride through in grid connected hybrid renewable energy systems appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The present electric grids use the technology of 1970’s. But with the advancement in various concepts of power generation, problems associated with power outages and thefts, and also due to increase in demand, we require a modernized grid to avail... Read more

The post An Overview Of Smart Power Grid appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Modernization of the grid will increase the level of personal information detail available as well as the instances of collection, use and disclosure of personal information. Instead of measuring energy use at the end of each billing period, smart meters... Read more

The post Are you concerned about your privacy in Smart Grid? appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

A dizzying array of new energy technologies are reaching or nearing the marketplace. Newer choices to generate electricity include fuel cells, wind turbines, solar cells and microturbines. Energy storage is approaching practicality, for example through reversible fuel cells and flywheels.... Read more

The post In Front Of The Third Electrical Systems Revolution in United States appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Severe weather is the single leading cause of power outages in the United States. Outages caused by severe weather such as thunderstorms, hurricanes and blizzards account for 58 percent of outages observed since 2002 and 87 percent of outages affecting... Read more

The post Billion Dollar Storms vs U.S. Electric Grid appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The smart network will set up a virtuous cycle for distributed generators and energy storage devices. It will grow the market by opening up more niches where distributed energy is economically competitive. This growth will lead to economies of scale... Read more

The post Driving Distributed Energy with Smart Networks appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Power utilities use telecommunication systems either as a support for grid assets’ operation or as the enabler for voice communications among operating staff. The main objective of utility telecommunications is to connect remote premises and staff with central premises and... Read more

The post Five telecommunication systems embedded in smart grid applications and services appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

For the last several decades, every engineering task related to processing control is realized by the use of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). If we are talking about induction motor control, which is the most common case, usually a VFD (Variable... Read more

The post Learn how to use PLC and VFD for pump control: Power and control circuits analysis appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

"Dark Steering" flirts subtly with the sounds of modern dubstep, mixing them with atmospheric squeals and detailed drum programming. The result is an unbelievably fitting soundtrack for a life-or-death motorcycle race through neon-lit city streets.

In few words, "Be Good" profiles two people who love and trust each other deeply, who share their dreams and secret shames, but who would rather shotgun beers together than make out.

In "That Time Is Gone," guitarist, part-time lead vocalist and pop-music legend Peter Holsapple lays bare the anxiety of re-assembling an act that was never much more than a cult phenomenon.

Hello, hope all is well with you! It’s our pleasure to share with you two Cyber Monday deals for our new electrical engineers, expiring on December 3rd: 20% on EEP Pro Premium Membership and 30% off on all courses and... Read more

The post Your Cyber Monday in EEP! Save Big on Premium Membership and Video Courses appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) are used on higher voltage levels, starting from 66 kV and upwards. The type of the CVT is always a single-pole one, thus the connection is between phase and earth. The higher the voltage level is,... Read more

The post Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVT) For HV Measurements appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Hydropower plants, one of the major sources of energy in countries with an abundance of water resources, have unique generation and power evacuation characteristics. From mere kilowatts to thousands of megawatts, they come in every shape and size. In this... Read more

The post Major steps in designing generation and power evacuation in large hydropower plants appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Nowadays, when we all see and feel the colossal crisis looming on the horizon, the question of energy security is among the first things on the table in each country’s management. It’s now essential more than ever for each country... Read more

The post Electrical engineering for hydropower, from run-of-river to pumped storage plants appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Passengers will be able to use their mobile phones as tickets from this spring London, 23rd April 2014 – Thames Clippers today announced that they have signed a five year contract with Masabi, the leader in mobile ticketing and payments for transit, to bring smartphone ticketing to its River Bus […]

The post Thames Clippers and Masabi to Launch Mobile Ticketing on Central London River Bus Services appeared first on Masabi.

As part of our announcement that we have entered a global partnership with MasterCard, Masabi’s Head of Innovation Ben Whitaker and MasterCard’s Head of Transit Centre of Excellence sat down to explain why we believe working together will help customers get around cities and how this benefits transit operators. If […]

The post Masabi and MasterCard Partnership Video appeared first on Masabi.

Most compensation banks are controlled stepwise. For this purpose it is essential to ‘know’ when it is allowed to (de)activate a capacitor step by the power factor relay (controller). The so-called C/k value is calculated by the step size C... Read more

The post How To Control Reactive Power In Larger Electrical Plants With Multiple Incomers appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This approach assumes retrofitting and upgrading old substation secondary equipment such as intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), monitoring sensors, power apparatus, communication protocol and operating standards to improve the overall performance or reduce cost without disrupting the continuity of service. For... Read more

The post Secondary equipment you should always consider when retrofitting existing HV substation appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

To explain in very simple words, I would say that SCADA is a bunch of equipment that provides an operator at a remote location with sufficient information to determine the status of particular equipment/process and make actions without being physically... Read more

The post Five ingredients that make SCADA operation delicious appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Things are changing fast, really fast. Technology we used a few years ago is now obsolete, and if you take a look for a second – it’s always about power availability, efficiency, and safety. This technical article deals with Schneider... Read more

The post Isolation power solutions for ultimate power availability, efficiency and safety in hospitals appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The Substation Automation Systems, often known as SASs, are responsible for a tremendous variety of tasks. These include some extremely important actions, such as clearing faults in a timely manner in order to maintain the physical condition of power system... Read more

The post The true art of control, monitoring and protection provided by Substation Automation Systems appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.