A broken social elevator? Key findings for Japan

These graphs offer a brief summary of the commodity trade situation in the country.

This country note for Japan provides detail on the proportion of CO2 emissions from energy use subject to different effective carbon rates (ECR), as well as on the level and components of average ECRs in each of the six economic sectors (road transport, off-road transport, industry, agriculture and fishing, residential & commercial, and electricity).

デジタル革命やグローバリゼーション、人口動態の変化によって、OECD 諸国や新興国の労働市場が変貌する一方、政策立案者は生産性及び賃金の成長鈍化や、高水準の所得格差といった問題に懸命に取り組んでいる。新たなOECD 雇用戦略は、これらの難問に対処する国々を支援するために包括的な枠組みと政策提言を提供する。

The digital revolution, globalisation and demographic changes are transforming labour markets at a time when policy makers are also struggling with slow productivity and wage growth and high levels of income inequality. The new OECD Jobs Strategy provides a comprehensive framework and policy recommendations to help countries address these challenges.

The Japanese standard VAT (CT) rate is 8.0%, which is below the OECD average. The average VAT/GST¹ standard rate in the OECD was 19.3% as of 1 January 2019. The previous standard VAT rate in Japan was 5% in 2013. It changed to the current level in 2014. Japan does not have any reduced rates.

Japan must improve job quality and further reform the mandatory retirement age to address upfront the challenges of its rapidly ageing and shrinking labour force, according to a new OECD report.

Skills-Getting Skills Right-Country Note-Japan

This country highlight puts the spotlight on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people: their numbers, their economic situation and well-being and policies to improve LGBT inclusivity. It also includes a special chapter on people’s perceptions of social and economic risks and presents a selection of social indicators.

This country fact-sheet presents key figures from "Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class". This report analyses the trends of middle-income households in areas such as employment, consumption, wealth and debt, as well as perceptions and social attitudes. It also includes recommendations for protecting middle-class living standards and financial security in the face of economic challenges.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, will be in Tokyo on 15-16 April 2019 on an Official visit to Japan, to present the OECD 2019 Economic Survey of Japan. During his visit, the Secretary-General will hold bilateral meetings with Prime Minister Abe, as well as several Ministers and other high-level Japanese officials.

The Japanese economy is undergoing the longest expansion in its post-war history, marked by strong job creation and business investment. Government policy must overcome the intertwined challenges posed by rapid population ageing and high government debt to ensure sustainable and inclusive growth for future generations, according to a new report from the OECD.

生産年齢人口（15歳から64歳）の減少にも関わらず、最近の景気拡大のために日本全体の雇用は着実に増加し、2018年には統計開始から過去最大となった。同年齢層の雇用率についても、過去最高に達している。

Despite a decline in its working-age population (aged 15-64), Japan’s total employment has been increasing steadily due to the recent economic expansion, and in 2018 reached its highest level since records began

The Skills Outlook Scoreboard assesses the extent to which Japan is able to make the most of digitalisation. Japan’s performance is measured along 3 main dimensions: Skills for digitalisation, Digital exposure and Skills-related policy effort.

Japan’s agriculture sector has traditionally been characterised by small-scale rice production, but has recently begun to respond to new market opportunities for higher value food products across a rapidly growing East Asia. Today, rice represents less than 20% of the value of agriculture production, and larger, more productive, and more profitable farm businesses now account for more than half of total agriculture output.

This document describes the key findings for Japan from the OECD Skills Strategy 2019.

International efforts to improve transparency via automatic exchange of information on financial accounts are improving tax compliance and delivering concrete results for governments worldwide, according to new data released today by the OECD.

Cross-border capital flows are an integral component of international finance, but require a balanced framework for removing unnecessary barriers to the movement of capital while providing governments flexibility to cope with instances of economic or financial instability, OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurria said today.

OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría and Japan’s Minister of Finance Taro Aso presided today over a signing ceremony to establish a new centre of the OECD International Academy for Tax Crime Investigation in Wako, Japan.

Fossil-fuel subsidies are environmentally harmful, costly, and distortive. After a 3 years downward trend between 2013 and 2016, government support for fossil fuel production and use has risen again, in a threat to efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, and the transition to cleaner and cheaper energy.

Mr. Angel Gurría was be in Osaka, from 27 to 29 June 2019, to attend the G20 Leaders’ Summit. The Secretary-General held bilateral meetings with high-level officials attending the summit.

At their Summit in Osaka this weekend, G20 leaders agreed on a range of priorities for which analysis and support from the OECD and other international organisations are playing a crucial role.

Japan must step up enforcement of its foreign bribery laws and strengthen the capacities of its law enforcement agencies to proactively detect, investigate and prosecute the foreign bribery offence, according to a new report by the OECD Working Group on Bribery.

Japan's tax-to-GDP ratio was 30.6% in 2016* (latest available data), below the OECD average (34.2%) by 3.6 percentage points, and above the LAC and Africa (21)* averages (22.8% and 18.2%, respectively).

This country note explains how Japan taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

Japan displays many excellent indicators of population health, including the highest life expectancy in the world. Still, many people are pessimistic about their health – 14% of adults rate their own health poorly – though this partly reflects linguo-cultural differences. Most people lead healthy lifestyles, with low rates of alcohol consumption and the lowest share of adults overweight or obese.

Government at a Glance provides a dashboard of key indicators to help you analyse international comparisons of public sector performance.

Key findings for Japan from the report "Pensions at a Glance 2019"

The tax-to-GDP ratio in Japan increased by 0.7 percentage points from 30.7% in 2016 to 31.4% in 2017 (latest year available). The corresponding figures for the OECD average were a decrease of 0.2 percentage points from 34.4% to 34.2% over the same period.

The tax wedge for the average single worker in Japan remained the same at 32.7 percentage points between 2018 and 2019. The OECD average tax wedge in 2019 was 36.0 (2018, 36.1). In 2019 Japan had the 26th lowest tax wedge among the 36 OECD member countries, occupying the same position in 2018.

Private Debt To GDP in Luxembourg decreased to 485.07 percent in 2018 from 488.87 percent in 2017. Private Debt To GDP in Luxembourg averaged 351.89 percent from 1999 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 488.87 percent in 2017 and a record low of 165.68 percent in 2000. Private sector debt to GDP measures the indebtedness of both sectors, non-financial corporations and households and non-profit institutions serving households, as a percentage of GDP. This page provides - Luxembourg Private Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Luxembourg recorded a government budget surplus of 1600 EUR Million in 2018. Government Budget Value in Luxembourg averaged 587.22 EUR Million from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 1600 EUR Million in 2018 and a record low of -358.40 EUR Million in 2004. The government budget balance is the difference between government revenues and expenses. The budget is balanced when outlays equal to receipts, the country reports budget surplus when revenues are higher than expenses and deficit when expenses exceed the revenues. This page provides - Luxembourg Government Budget Value - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Government Revenues in Luxembourg increased to 26788.30 EUR Million in 2018 from 24525.60 EUR Million in 2017. Government Revenues in Luxembourg averaged 15166.20 EUR Million from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 26788.30 EUR Million in 2018 and a record low of 6838.20 EUR Million in 1995. Government Revenues refer to all receipts the government gets, including taxes, custom duties, revenue from state-owned enterprises, capital revenues and foreign aid. Government Revenues are part of government budget balance calculation. This page provides - Luxembourg Government Revenues- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Luxembourg scored 80 points out of 100 on the 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Index in Luxembourg averaged 83.36 Points from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 90 Points in 2002 and a record low of 68.50 Points in 1995. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory’s score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). This page provides the latest reported value for - Luxembourg Corruption Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The Sales Tax Rate in Luxembourg stands at 17 percent. Sales Tax Rate in Luxembourg averaged 15.57 percent from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 17 percent in 2015 and a record low of 15 percent in 2001. In Luxembourg, the sales tax rate is a tax charged to consumers based on the purchase price of certain goods and services. The benchmark we use for the sales tax rate refers to the highest rate. Revenues from the Sales Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Luxembourg. This page provides - Luxembourg Sales Tax Rate | VAT - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Luxembourg increased to 1182739 EUR Million in November from 1166878 EUR Million in October of 2019. Banks Balance Sheet in Luxembourg averaged 1004696 EUR Million from 2001 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1345434 EUR Million in October of 2008 and a record low of 711466 EUR Million in January of 2001. This page provides the latest reported value for - Luxembourg Banks Balance Sheet - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Industrial Production in Luxembourg decreased 7.40 percent in November of 2019 over the same month in the previous year. Industrial Production in Luxembourg averaged 0.10 percent from 1980 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 10.80 percent in August of 1995 and a record low of -11.10 percent in January of 2000. In Luxembourg, industrial production measures the output of businesses integrated in industrial sector of the economy such as manufacturing, mining, and utilities. This page provides - Luxembourg Industrial Production - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Luxembourg was worth 72.10 billion US dollars in 2019, according to official data from the World Bank and projections from Trading Economics. The GDP value of Luxembourg represents 0.06 percent of the world economy. GDP in Luxembourg averaged 21.29 USD Billion from 1960 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 72.10 USD Billion in 2019 and a record low of 0.70 USD Billion in 1961. The gross domestic product (GDP) measures of national income and output for a given country's economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time. This page provides the latest reported value for - Luxembourg GDP - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The total population in Luxembourg was estimated at 0.6 million people in 2019, according to the latest census figures and projections from Trading Economics. Looking back, in the year of 1960, Luxembourg had a population of 0.3 million people. The population of Luxembourg represents 0.01 percent of the world´s total population which arguably means that one person in every 13423 people on the planet is a resident of Luxembourg. This page provides - Luxembourg Population - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Luxembourg expanded 3.10 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 over the same quarter of the previous year. GDP Annual Growth Rate in Luxembourg averaged 3.50 percent from 1996 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 12.10 percent in the first quarter of 2000 and a record low of -7 percent in the second quarter of 2009. On the expenditure side, external balance of exports and imports is the main component of GDP and accounts for 35 percent of its total use, as exports of goods and services account for 200 percent while imports account for 165 percent. It is followed by household consumption (30 percent of GDP) gross fixed capital formation (18 percent) and government expenditure (17 percent). This page provides - Luxembourg GDP Annual Growth Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Hospital Beds in Luxembourg decreased to 4.51 per 1000 people in 2018 from 4.66 per 1000 people in 2017. Hospital Beds in Luxembourg averaged 5.30 per 1000 people from 2004 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 6.39 per 1000 people in 2004 and a record low of 4.51 per 1000 people in 2018. This page includes a chart with historical data for Luxembourg Hospital Beds.

Hospitals in Luxembourg decreased to 16.45 per one million people in 2018 from 16.77 per one million people in 2017. Hospitals in Luxembourg averaged 23.79 per one million people from 2005 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 30.10 per one million people in 2005 and a record low of 16.45 per one million people in 2018. This page includes a chart with historical data for Luxembourg Hospitals.

Medical Doctors in Luxembourg increased to 3.31 per 1000 people in 2017 from 3.10 per 1000 people in 2016. Medical Doctors in Luxembourg averaged 3.02 per 1000 people from 2004 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 3.31 per 1000 people in 2017 and a record low of 2.72 per 1000 people in 2004. This page includes a chart with historical data for Luxembourg Medical Doctors.

Nurses in Luxembourg remained unchanged at 11.98 per 1000 people in 2017 from 11.98 per 1000 people in 2016. Nurses in Luxembourg averaged 11.78 per 1000 people from 2007 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 12.28 per 1000 people in 2012 and a record low of 10.83 per 1000 people in 2007. This page includes a chart with historical data for Luxembourg Nurses.

The Consumer Price Index in Luxembourg decreased 0.65 percent in March of 2020 over the previous month. Inflation Rate Mom in Luxembourg averaged 0.16 percent from 1995 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1.90 percent in February of 2013 and a record low of -1.66 percent in January of 1999. Inflation Rate MoM measures month over month change in the price of goods and services. This page provides - Luxembourg Inflation Rate MoM- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

ICU Beds in Luxembourg averaged 430.98 per 100K people from 2004 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 502.28 per 100K people in December of 2004 and a record low of 395.70 per 100K people in December of 2012. This page includes a chart with historical data for Luxembourg ICU Beds.

Housing Index in Luxembourg increased to 137.56 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 134.37 points in the third quarter of 2019. Housing Index in Luxembourg averaged 94.83 points from 2007 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 137.56 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 72.67 points in the first quarter of 2007. In Luxembourg, the House Price Index measures residential property market prices. The HPI captures price changes of all kinds of residential property purchased by households (flats, detached houses, terraced houses, etc.), both new and existing. Only market prices are considered, self-build dwellings are therefore excluded. The land component of the residential property is included. This page provides - Luxembourg House Price Index - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Unemployment Rate in Luxembourg increased to 6.10 percent in March from 5.50 percent in February of 2020. Unemployment Rate in Luxembourg averaged 3.79 percent from 1982 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 7.20 percent in May of 2014 and a record low of 1.40 percent in March of 1991. In Luxembourg, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. This page provides the latest reported value for - Luxembourg Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Employment Rate in Luxembourg remained unchanged at 67.90 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 67.90 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Employment Rate in Luxembourg averaged 64.06 percent from 1992 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 68.30 percent in the second quarter of 2019 and a record low of 58.50 percent in the second quarter of 1995. In Luxembourg, the employment rate measures the number of people who have a job as a percentage of the working age population. This page provides - Luxembourg Employment Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.