A method for efficient dispatch/completion of a work element within a multi-node data processing system. The method comprises: selecting specific processing units from among the processing nodes to complete execution of a work element that has multiple individual work items that may be independently executed by different ones of the processing units; generating an allocated processor unit (APU) bit mask that identifies at least one of the processing units that has been selected; placing the work element in a first entry of a global command queue (GCQ); associating the APU mask with the work element in the GCQ; and responsive to receipt at the GCQ of work requests from each of the multiple processing nodes or the processing units, enabling only the selected specific ones of the processing nodes or the processing units to be able to retrieve work from the work element in the GCQ.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of managing a computing job based on a job priority and a submitter quota.

Embodiments of the invention provide systems and methods for managing an enabler and dependencies of the enabler. According to one embodiment, a method of managing an enabler can comprise requesting a management function via a management interface of the enabler. The management interface can provide an abstraction of one or more management functions for managing the enabler and/or dependencies of the enabler. In some cases, prior to requesting the management function metadata associated with the management interface can be read and a determination can be made as to whether the management function is available or unavailable. Requesting the management function via the management interface of the enabler can be performed in response to determining the management function is available. In response to determining the management function is unavailable, one or more alternative functions can be identified based on the metadata and the one or more alternative functions can be requested.

A cloud system may create physical resource tags to store relationships between cloud computing offerings, such as computing service offerings, storage offerings, and network offerings, and the specific physical resources in the cloud computing environment. Cloud computing offerings may be presented to cloud customers, the offerings corresponding to various combinations of computing services, storage, networking, and other hardware or software resources. After a customer selects one or more cloud computing offerings, a cloud resource manager or other component within the cloud infrastructure may retrieve a set of tags and determine a set of physical hardware resources associated with the selected offerings. The physical hardware resources associated with the selected offerings may be subsequently used to provision and create the new virtual machine and its operating environment.

Systems, methods and computer program products may provide managing utilization of one or more physical processors in a shared processor pool. A method of managing utilization of one or more physical processors in a shared processor pool may include determining a current amount of utilization of the one or more physical processors and generating an instruction message. The instruction message may be at least partially determined by the current amount of utilization. The method may further include sending the instruction message to a guest operating system, the guest operating system having a number of enabled virtual processors.

A system, method and computer program product for allocating shared resources. Upon receiving requests for resources, the cost of bundling software in a virtual machine (VM) image is automatically generated. Software is selected by the cost for each bundle according to the time required to install it where required, offset by the time to uninstall it where not required. A number of VM images having the highest software bundle value (i.e., highest cost bundled) is selected and stored, e.g., in a machine image store. With subsequent requests for resources, VMs may be instantiated from one or more stored VM images and, further, stored images may be updated selectively updated with new images.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to a system, method, or computer program product for providing an information technology build service for building a platform in response to a service request. The invention receives a service request for the platform build from a requester, receives a plurality of platform parameters from the requester, determines whether the service request requires one or more physical machines or one or more virtual machines, and if the service request requires one or more virtual machines, initiates build of the one or more virtual machines. The invention also provisions physical and virtual storage based on received parameters, provisions physical and virtual processing power based on received parameters, and manages power of resources during the build, the managing comprising managing power ups, power downs, standbys, idles and reboots of one or more physical components being used for the build.

Methods and systems for statistically eliding fences in a work stealing algorithm are disclosed. A data structure comprising a head pointer, tail pointer, barrier pointer and an advertising flag allows for dynamic load-balancing across processing resources in computer applications.

A method and an apparatus for generating metadata for digital content are described, which allow to review the generated metadata already in course of ongoing generation of metadata. The metadata generation is split into a plurality of processing tasks, which are allocated to two or more processing nodes. The metadata generated by the two or more processing nodes is gathered and visualized on an output unit.

Methods include receiving at a receiving device a plurality of reports, each corresponding to at least one item and comprising data associated with one or more performance metrics. The methods further include identifying events for each report corresponding to at least one item using the data in the report. In addition, the methods include determining a report score for each report based on a number and type of the identified events. The methods also include outputting the report scores.

The systems and methods described herein may be used to implement a shared dynamic-sized data structure using hardware transactional memory to simplify and/or improve memory management of the data structure. An application (or thread thereof) may indicate (or register) the intended use of an element of the data structure and may initialize the value of the data structure element. Thereafter, another thread or application may use hardware transactions to access the data structure element while confirming that the data structure element is still part of the dynamic data structure and/or that memory allocated to the data structure element has not been freed. Various indicators may be used determine whether memory allocated to the element can be freed.

Some embodiments provide a method for managing a logical switching element that includes several logical ports. The logical switching element receives and sends data packets through the logical ports. The logical switching element is implemented in a set of managed switching elements that forward data packets in a network. The method provides a set of tables for specifying forwarding behaviors of the logical switching element. The method performs a set of database join operations on the tables to specify in the tables that the logical forwarding element drops a data packet received through a first logical port when the data packet is headed to a second logical port different than the first logical port.

A server computer system determines that configuring a first virtual machine in a cloud depends on a configuration result of configuring a second virtual machine. The server computer system configures the second virtual machine in the cloud and configures the first virtual machine in the cloud using the configuration result of the second virtual machine.

Methods and systems for managing a removal of a passthrough device from a guest managed by a hypervisor in virtualized computing environment. A hypervisor receives a request from the guest for access to a passthrough device. The hypervisor sets, in a memory, a last accessed state associated with a virtual machine executing the guest. The hypervisor forwards the request to the passthrough device and configures the host CPU to send a subsequent access request directly to the passthrough device. In response to a virtual machine reset, the hypervisor clears the last accessed state and instructs the host CPU to send a post-reset access request to the hypervisor.

A system and method for reordering storage levels in a virtualized environment includes identifying a virtual machine (VM) to be transitioned and determining a new storage level order for the VM. The new storage level order reduces a VM live state during a transition, and accounts for hierarchical shared storage memory and criteria imposed by an application to reduce recovery operations after dynamic resource allocation actions. The new storage level order recommendation is propagated to VMs. The new storage level order applied in the VMs. A different storage-level order is recommended after the transition.

A processing device comprises a processor coupled to a memory and implements an obligation management system for information technology infrastructure, with the obligation management system being configured to process a plurality of obligations on behalf of a relying party to verify implementation of corresponding controls in information technology infrastructure of a claimant. A given one of the obligations has an associated obligation fulfiller that is inserted or otherwise deployed as a component within the information technology infrastructure of the claimant and is configured to provide evidence of the implementation of one or more of the controls responsive to an obligation assertion so as to establish an associated trust aspect of the claimant. The information technology infrastructure may comprise distributed virtual infrastructure of a cloud service provider. The claimant may comprise the cloud service provider and the relying party may comprise a tenant of the cloud service provider.

Techniques for adaptive thread scheduling on a plurality of cores for reducing system energy are described. In one embodiment, a thread scheduler receives leakage current information associated with the plurality of cores. The leakage current information is employed to schedule a thread on one of the plurality of cores to reduce system energy usage. On chip calibration of the sensors is also described.

An electronic device for using pause to manage resources is described. The electronic device includes a processor and instructions stored in memory. The electronic device monitors a pause duration and determines whether to perform a resource management operation based on the pause duration. The electronic device performs the resource management operation based on the pause duration.

A usage allocation of a hardware resource to each of a number of workloads over time is determined using a demand model. The usage allocation of the resource includes a current and past actual usage allocation of the resource, a future projected usage allocation of the resource, and current and past actual usage of the resource. A capacity allocation of the resource is determined using a capacity model. The capacity allocation of the resource includes a current and past capacity and a future projected capacity of the resource. Whether a gap exists between the usage allocation and the capacity allocation is determined using a mapping model. Where the gap exists between the usage allocation of the resource and the capacity allocation of the resource, a user is presented with options determined using the mapping model and selectable by the user to implement a remediation strategy to close the gap.

A video player instance may be prioritized and decoding and rendering resources may be assigned to the video player instance accordingly. A video player instance may request use of a resource combination. Based on a determined priority a resource combination may be assigned to the video player instance. A resource combination may be reassigned to another video player instance upon detection that the previously assigned resource combination is no longer actively in use.

According to an embodiment, based on task border information, and first-type dependency relationship information containing N number of nodes corresponding to data accesses to one set of data, containing edges representing dependency relationship between the nodes, and having at least one node with an access reliability flag indicating reliability/unreliability of corresponding data access; task border edges, of edges extending over task borders, are identified that have an unreliable access node linked to at least one end, and presentation information containing unreliable access nodes is generated. According to dependency existence information input corresponding to the set of data, conversion information indicating absence of data access to the unreliable access nodes is output. According to the conversion information, the first-type dependency relationship information is converted into second-type dependency relationship information containing M number of nodes (0≦M≦N) corresponding to data accesses to the set of data and containing edges representing inter-node dependency relationship.

Disclosed are a reconfigurable processor and processing method, a reconfiguration control apparatus and method, and a thread modeler and modeling method. A memory area of a reconfigurable processor may be divided into a plurality of areas, and a context enabling a thread process may be stored in respective divided areas, in advance. Accordingly, when a context switching is performed from one thread to another thread, the other thread may be executed by using information stored in an area corresponding to the other thread.

Disclosed is an information processing device and a task switching method that can reduce the time required for switching of tasks in a plurality of coprocessors. The information processing device (30) includes a processor core (301); coprocessors (311 to 31n) including operation units (321 to 32n) that perform operation in response to a request from the processor core (301) and operation storage units (331 to 22n) that store the contents of operation of the operation units (321 to 32n), save storage units (351 to 35n) that store the saved contents of operation, a task switching control unit (302) that outputs a save/restore request signal when switching a task on which operation is performed by the coprocessors (311 to 31n), and save/restore units (341 to 34n) that perform at least one of saving of the contents of operation in the operation storage units (331 to 33n) to the save storage units (351 to 35n) and restoration of the contents of operation in the save storage units (351 to 35 n) to the operation storage units (331 to 33n) in response to the save/restore request signal.

Policy enforcement in an environment that includes virtualized systems is disclosed. Virtual machine information associated with a first virtual machine instance executing on a host machine is received. The information can be received from a variety of sources, including an agent, a log server, and a management infrastructure associated with the host machine. A policy is applied based at least in part on the received virtual machine information.

A data transfer control apparatus includes a transferring unit that transfers data from a transfer source memory to a transfer destination memory, according to an instruction from a first processor; and a first processor configured to detect a process execute by the first processor, determine whether transfer of the data is urgent, based on the type of the detected process, and control the transferring unit or the first processor to transfer the data, based on a determination result.

Methods and apparatus are provided for evaluating potential resource capacity in a system where there is elasticity and competition between a plurality of containers. A dynamic potential capacity is determined for at least one container in a plurality of containers competing for a total capacity of a larger container. A current utilization by each of the plurality of competing containers is obtained, and an equilibrium capacity is determined for each of the competing containers. The equilibrium capacity indicates a capacity that the corresponding container is entitled to. The dynamic potential capacity is determined based on the total capacity, a comparison of one or more of the current utilizations to one or more of the corresponding equilibrium capacities and a relative resource weight of each of the plurality of competing containers. The dynamic potential capacity is optionally recalculated when the set of plurality of containers is changed or after the assignment of each work element.

A method and apparatus for method of continuously producing 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane with high yield is provided. The method includes (a) bringing a CoF3-containing cobalt fluoride in a reactor into contact with 3,3,3-trifluoropropene to produce a CoF2-containing cobalt fluoride and 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane, (b) transferring the CoF2-containing cobalt fluoride in the reactor to a regenerator and bringing the transferred CoF2-containing cobalt fluoride into contact with fluorine gas to regenerate a CoF3-containing cobalt fluoride, and (c) transferring the CoF3-containing cobalt fluoride in the regenerator to the reactor and employing the transferred CoF3-containing cobalt fluoride in Operation (a). Accordingly, the 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane can be continuously produced with high yield from the 3,3,3-trifluoropropene using a cobalt fluoride (CoF2/CoF3) as a fluid catalyst, thereby improving the reaction stability and readily adjusting the optimum conversion rate and selectivity.

A liquid crystal compound having a high stability to heat, light and so forth, a high clearing point, a low minimum temperature of a liquid crystal phase, a small viscosity, a suitable optical anisotropy, a large dielectric anisotropy, a suitable elastic constant and an excellent solubility in other liquid crystal compounds, a liquid crystal composition containing the compound, and a liquid crystal display device including the composition. The compound is represented by formula (1): wherein, for example, R1 is fluorine or alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons; ring A1 and ring A2 are 1,4-phenylene, or 1,4-phenylene in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine; Z1, Z2 and Z3 are a single bond; L1 and L2 are hydrogen or fluorine; X1 is fluorine or —CF3; and m is 1, and n is 0.

To provide a compound, when the compound has both a high clearing point and a low crystallization temperature, having a wide temperature range of a liquid crystal phase and also an excellent solubility in other liquid crystal compounds, and further having general physical properties necessary for the compound, namely, stability to heat, light and so forth, a suitable optical anisotropy and a suitable dielectric anisotropy. A compound is represented by formula (1): wherein, for example, Ra and Rb are alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons; A1, A2, A3 and A4 are 1,4-phenylene; Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 4 carbons; and m, n, q and r are independently 0, 1, or 2, and a sum of m, n, q and r is 1, 2, 3 or 4.

A process for producing a fluoroalkyl iodide as a telomer Rf(CF2CF2)nI (wherein Rf is a C1-10 fluoroalkyl group, and n is an integer of from 1 to 6) by telomerization from a fluoroalkyl iodide represented by the formula RfI (wherein Rf is as defined above) as a telogen and tetrafluoroethylene (CF2CF2) as a taxogen, which comprises a liquid phase telomerization step of supplying a homogeneous liquid mixture of the telogen and the taxogen from the lower portion of a tubular reactor, moving the mixture from the lower portion towards the upper portion of the reactor in the presence of a radical initiator over a retention time of at least 5 minutes while the reaction system is kept in a liquid phase state under conditions where no gas-liquid separation will take place, so that the taxogen supplied to the reactor is substantially consumed by the reaction in the reactor, and drawing the reaction product from the upper portion of the reactor.

An optically active bisbenzyl compound or a racemic bisbenzyl compound represented by formula (2) that has axial chirality: where: R1 represents a halogen, or an optionally substituted: linear, branched, or cyclic C1-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C6-14 aryl, C3-8 heteroaryl, linear, branched, or cyclic C1-8 alkoxy, or C7-16 aralkyl;R21 each independently represents hydrogen, halogen, nitro, or an optionally substituted: linear, branched, or cyclic C1-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C6-14 aryl, linear, branched, or cyclic C1-8 alkoxy, or a C7-16 aralkyl;R3 represents hydrogen, or an optionally substituted: C6-14 aryl, a C3-8 heteroaryl, or a C7-16 aralkyl; andY2 represents a halogen, or an optionally substituted: C1-8 alkylsulfonyloxy, C6-14 arylsulfonyloxy, or C7-16 aralkylsulfonyloxy.

The present invention is directed to a combination reactor system for exothermic reactions comprising a trickle-bed reactor and a shell-and-tube reactor. This combination allows the system to efficiently remove heat while also providing the ability to control both the temperature and/or reaction progression. The trickle-bed reactor removes heat efficiently from the system by utilizing latent heat and does not require the use of a cooling or heating medium. The shell-and-tube reactor is used to further progress the reaction and provides a heat exchanger in order to introduce fluid at the desired temperature in the shell-and-tube reactor. Also, additional reactant or reactants and/or other fluids may be introduced to the shell-and-tube section of the reactor under controlled temperature conditions.

Disclosed are: a diaryliodonium salt mixture which is a precursor of a BF4 salt or the like of a diaryliodonium compound, can be produced in the form of crystals at ambient temperature, can be purified in a simple manner, can be produced with high efficiency, and can be induced into a BF4 salt or the like salt that has excellent solubility in a monomer or the like; and a process for producing the diaryliodonium salt mixture. Also disclosed is a production process which can achieve good yield and can produce reduced amounts of byproducts, and is therefore applicable to the industrial mass production of a diaryliodonium compound. The diaryliodonium salt mixture is characterized by containing at least two specific diaryliodonium salts.

A fluorographene and preparation method thereof are provided. For the said fluorographene, the fraction of F is 0.5

A production method of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene according to the present invention includes reaction of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane with hydrogen fluoride, characterized in that the concentrations of respective catalytic components in the 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane as the raw material is controlled to a predetermined level or less. By controlling the concentrations of the respective catalytic components in the 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane to the predetermined level or less, it is possible to improve the problems of shortening of catalyst life, retardation of reaction and scaling or corrosion of equipment in the production of the 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene. In addition, the 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane can be obtained selectively with high yield by telomerization reaction of carbon tetrachloride and vinyl chloride. The present invention is thus useful as the method for industrially advantageous, high-yield production of the 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene.

The present disclosure relates to processes for reducing the concentration of RfC≡CX impurities in fluoroolefins. The process involves: contacting a mixture comprising at least one fluoroolefin and at least one RfC≡CX impurity with at least one amine to reduce the concentration of the at least one RfC≡CX impurity in the mixture; wherein Rf is a perfluorinated alkyl group, and X is H, F, Cl, Br or I. The present disclosure also relates to processes for making at least one hydrotetrafluoropropene product selected from the group consisting of CF3CF═CH2, CF3CH═CHF, and mixtures thereof and reducing the concentration of CF3C═CH impurity generated during the process. The present disclosure also relates to processes for making at least one hydrochlorotrifluoropropene product selected from the group consisting of CF3CCl═CH2, CF3CH═CHCl, and mixtures thereof and reducing the concentration of CF3C≡CH impurity generated during the process.

The invention is to provide a new liquid crystal compound having a high clearing point, a good compatibility with other compounds, a small viscosity, and a high stability to heat, light and so forth; compound (1) is provided: R1CF2nR2 (1) wherein, for example, R1 is alkyl having 4 to 10 carbons or —(CH2)2—CH═CH2, R2 is alkyl having 2 to 10 carbons, n is 8, and R1 and R2 are not allowed to be straight-chain alkyl having an identical number of carbons.

The present invention relates to 1,4-diethynylbenzene derivatives having substituents in the 2,3-position (cf. formula I, Claims), to the use thereof for high-frequency components, to liquid-crystalline media comprising the compounds, and to high-frequency components, in particular antennae, especially for the gigahertz range, comprising these media. The liquid-crystalline media serve, for example, for the phase shifting of microwaves for tuneable ‘phased-array’ antennae.

The present disclosure relates to a process for separating a fluoroolefin from a mixture comprising hydrogen fluoride and fluoroolefin, comprising azeotropic distillation both with and without an entrainer. In particular are disclosed processes for separating any of HFC-1225ye, HFC-1234ze, HFC-1234yf or HFC-1243zf from HF.

The present invention is directed to processes for the production of 1233zd from 240fa and HF, with or without a catalyst, at a commercial scale. The 240fa and HF are fed to a reactor operating at high pressure. The resulting product stream comprising 1233zd, HCl, HF, and other byproducts is treated to one or more purification techniques including phase separation and one or more distillations to provide purified 1233zd, which meets commercial product specifications, i.e., having a GC purity of 99.5% or greater.

The disclosure describes a process for dehalogenation of chlorofluorocompounds. The process comprises contacting a saturated chlorofluorocompound with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst at a temperature sufficient to remove chlorine and/or fluorine substituents to produce a fluorine containing terminal olefin.

The invention is directed to a catalyst for the gas phase fluorination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane and/or 1,2-dichloroethene with HF to give 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane which catalyst is prepared by co-depositing FeCl3 and MgCl2 on chromia-alumina, or co-depositing Cr(NO3)3 and Ni(NO3)2 on active carbon, or by doping alumina with ZnCl2, and to a process for the preparation of 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane comprising a catalytic gas phase fluorination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane and/or 1,2-dichloroethene wherein one of the catalysts according to claim 2 or 3 is used.

A dehydrochlorination process is disclosed. The process involves contacting RfCFClCH2X with a catalyst in a reaction zone to produce a product mixture comprising RfCF═CHX, wherein said catalyst comprises MY supported on carbon, and wherein Rf is a perfluorinated alkyl group, X ═H, F, Cl, Br or I, M=K, Na or Cs, and Y═F, Cl or Br.

The invention relates to a process for the preparation of formula (I) which process comprises pyrolyzing a compound of formula (II) wherein X is chloro or bromo, and to compounds which may be used as intermediates for the manufacture of the compound of formula I and to the preparation of said intermediates.

The subject of the invention is a process for the preparation of fluoroolefin compounds. It relates more particularly to a process for manufacturing a (hydro)fluoroolefin compound comprising (i) bringing at least one compound comprising from three to six carbon atoms, at least two fluorine atoms and at least one hydrogen atom, provided that at least one hydrogen atom and one fluorine atom are located on adjacent carbon atoms, into contact with potassium hydroxide in a stirred reactor, containing an aqueous reaction medium, equipped with at least one inlet for the reactants and with at least one outlet, in order to give the (hydro)fluoroolefin compound, which is separated from the reaction medium in gaseous form, and potassium fluoride, (ii) bringing the potassium fluoride formed in (i) into contact, in an aqueous medium, with calcium hydroxide in order to give potassium hydroxide and to precipitate calcium fluoride, (iii) separation of the calcium fluoride precipitated in step (ii) from the reaction medium and (iv) optionally, the reaction medium is recycled after optional adjustment of the potassium hydroxide concentration to step (i).

To provide a method for efficiently separating 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) and chloromethane (R40) from a composition comprising HFO-1234yf and R40. An azeotrope-like composition comprising from 58 to 78 mol % of HFO-1234yf and from 22 to 42 mol % of R40, and a method for producing HFO-1234yf, which comprises steps of distilling an initial mixture containing HFO-1234yf in a content exceeding 63 mol % in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40, thereby to separate the initial mixture into a first fraction in which the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 is lower than the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 in the initial mixture, and a second fraction in which the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 is higher than the content of HFO-1234yf in the total amount of HFO-1234yf and R40 in the initial mixture, and then obtaining HFO-1234yf having a reduced R40 concentration, from the second fraction.

Methods for fluorinating organic compounds are described herein.

Fluorinated aromatic materials, their synthesis and their use in optoelectronics. In some cases, the fluorinated aromatic materials are perfluoroalkylated aromatic materials that may include perfluoropolyether substituents.

A process for making a fluorinated olefin having the step of dehydrochlorinating a hydrochlorofluorocarbon having at least one hydrogen atom and at least one chlorine atom on adjacent carbon atoms, preferably carried out in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of (i) one or more metal halides, (ii) one or more halogenated metal oxides, (iii) one or more zero-valent metals/metal alloys, (iv) a combination of two or more of the foregoing.

Process for producing silica-comprising dispersions comprising a polyetherol or a polyether amine, which comprises the steps of (i) admixing an aqueous silica sol (K) having an average particle diameter of from 1 to 150 nm and a silica content, calculated as SiO2, of from 1 to 60% by weight and a pH of from 1 to 6 with at least one polyetherol (b1) and/or polyether amine (b2) based on ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and having an average OH or amine functionality of from 2 to 6 and a number average molecular weight of from 62 to 6000 g/mol,(ii) distilling off at least part of the water,(iii) admixing the dispersion with at least one compound (S) having at least one at least monoalkoxylated silyl group and at least one alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl substituent, where this substituent may have groups which are reactive toward an alcohol, an amine or an isocyanate in an amount of from 0.1 to 20 μmol of (S) per m2 of surface area of (K), where steps (i) and (iii) can be carried out simultaneously or in succession in any order, (iv) optionally adjusting the pH of the silica-comprising dispersions obtained to a value of from 7 to 12 by adding a basic compound, where step (iv) can also be carried out between steps (ii) and (iii).