– Array Size: 10, 12-volt, 51-watt modules; Isc= 3.25 amps, Voc= 20.7 volts – Batteries: 800 amp-hours at 12 volts – Loads: 5 amps DC and 500-watt inverterwith 90% efficiency. The PV modules are mounted on the roof. Single-conductor cables... Read more

The post Calculation Example of Small Photovoltaic (PV) Residential Stand-Alone System appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Network planning Power electronics (HVDC/FACTS) Bulk renewable integration Energy Management System (EMS) Smart substation automation and protection Integrated Substation Condition Monitoring (ISCM) Communication Solutions Distribution Management System (DMS) Distribution automation and protection Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Decentralized Energy Management System... Read more

The post Smart Grids and The New Age of Energy appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The creation and delivery of power is one basic infrastructure expected by all modern industrial societies. Power distribution basics started in the US in the early 1900s when the first AC grid was established. Since 12 independent power grids were... Read more

The post Comparison of major power grid failures in US and around the world (1) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Continued from first part: Comparison of major grid failures in United States and around the world (part 1) On the International side, about 1/5 of the power outages (9 of 44) were not given a cause in the reports. A... Read more

The post Comparison of major power grid failures in US and around the world (2) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Power utilities use telecommunication systems either as a support for grid assets’ operation or as the enabler for voice communications among operating staff. The main objective of utility telecommunications is to connect remote premises and staff with central premises and... Read more

The post Five telecommunication systems embedded in smart grid applications and services appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

For the last several decades, every engineering task related to processing control is realized by the use of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). If we are talking about induction motor control, which is the most common case, usually a VFD (Variable... Read more

The post Learn how to use PLC and VFD for pump control: Power and control circuits analysis appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Wastewater pumping stations are very common application examples of three-phase induction motors. There are numerous varieties of power supply and control logic, depending on exact conditions in the place of installation, the role of the pumping station inside a sewer... Read more

The post Design and control considerations for an example of the waste water pumping station appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Hello, hope all is well with you! It’s our pleasure to share with you two Cyber Monday deals for our new electrical engineers, expiring on December 3rd: 20% on EEP Pro Premium Membership and 30% off on all courses and... Read more

The post Your Cyber Monday in EEP! Save Big on Premium Membership and Video Courses appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Just a short note from me today, the end of this crazy year. I’d like to wish you a normal and happy New Year on behalf of myself and everyone else at EEP. This year was like no other year... Read more

The post Hey engineers, wish you a happy and normal new year, 2021! appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Black Friday is gone, but Cyber Monday is here and it’s getting better! Let us share with you two Cyber Monday deals for our electrical engineers, expiring on December 3rd: 20% off on EEP Pro Premium Membership and 30% off... Read more

The post Cyber Monday in EEP! 30% off on courses and 20% off on premium membership! appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Here we are, at the end of 2021, which was extremely intense for all of us. This year will be remembered for many things, but if you ask me, the most impressive was the global loss of common sense, sadly,... Read more

The post Wish you all the strength, courage and clear minds in 2022! appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Black Friday is gone, but Cyber Monday is here and it’s getting better! It’s the Last Day!! Let us share with you two Cyber Monday deals for our electrical engineers, expiring on December 1st: 20% off on EEP Pro Premium... Read more

The post Cyber Monday in EEP! 30% off on courses and 20% off on PRO membership plan! appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Here we are at the conclusion of 2022, a year that was very stressful for all of us. There are many aspects about this year that will be remembered, but, in my opinion, the same as it was for 2021,... Read more

The post Well engineers, it’s about time… Pull the switch and enter the 2023! appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Power can be provided from mains power or from local gas turbines or diesel generator sets. Large facilities have high power demands, from 30 MW and upwards to several hundred MW. There is a tendency to generate electric power centrally... Read more

The post Typical electrical distribution scheme and SCADA system of an oil/gas production plant appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Hydropower plants, one of the major sources of energy in countries with an abundance of water resources, have unique generation and power evacuation characteristics. From mere kilowatts to thousands of megawatts, they come in every shape and size. In this... Read more

The post Major steps in designing generation and power evacuation in large hydropower plants appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Passengers will be able to use their mobile phones as tickets from this spring London, 23rd April 2014 – Thames Clippers today announced that they have signed a five year contract with Masabi, the leader in mobile ticketing and payments for transit, to bring smartphone ticketing to its River Bus […]

The post Thames Clippers and Masabi to Launch Mobile Ticketing on Central London River Bus Services appeared first on Masabi.

As part of our announcement that we have entered a global partnership with MasterCard, Masabi’s Head of Innovation Ben Whitaker and MasterCard’s Head of Transit Centre of Excellence sat down to explain why we believe working together will help customers get around cities and how this benefits transit operators. If […]

The post Masabi and MasterCard Partnership Video appeared first on Masabi.

The purpose of a capacitor bank’s protective control is to remove the bank from service before any units or any of the elements that make up a capacitor unit are exposed to more than 110% of their voltage rating. When... Read more

The post How to control and protect capacitor banks before something goes wrong appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Things are changing fast, really fast. Technology we used a few years ago is now obsolete, and if you take a look for a second – it’s always about power availability, efficiency, and safety. This technical article deals with Schneider... Read more

The post Isolation power solutions for ultimate power availability, efficiency and safety in hospitals appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This article provides guidance on how to conduct gas monitoring and explains the various alerts that can be set. The many sorts of defects that might lead to partial discharges are discussed, and various partial discharge measuring techniques are described,... Read more

The post SF6 Gas Monitoring and Alarming Practices in Gas-Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Systems appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The Substation Automation Systems, often known as SASs, are responsible for a tremendous variety of tasks. These include some extremely important actions, such as clearing faults in a timely manner in order to maintain the physical condition of power system... Read more

The post The true art of control, monitoring and protection provided by Substation Automation Systems appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

In modern electrical power systems, ensuring a reliable and continuous supply of electricity is critical, particularly in facilities where downtime can result in significant operational disruptions and financial losses. Low voltage automatic transfer schemes at substations play a vital role... Read more

The post ATS Schematics and Logic Analysis for a Substation 415V AC Auxiliary Supply Panel appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Like it or not, hard times are in front of us, by all means. I won’t deal the hard times now, but instead, I’ll shortly say that it’s all about the energy resources and who owns them. It’s also not... Read more

The post Best practice in hard times: How to safeguard the hundreds and thousands of substations appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Every nation has numerous vital facilities that are largely dependent on electricity to function. Infrastructures that are critical to a quick response to outages include the public health system, the communications sector, and government services like emergency first responders. Nonetheless,... Read more

The post How (should) power utilities handle grid failures by utilizing mobile substations appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

In the world of electrical engineering, ensuring the safety and reliability of power systems is paramount. A critical aspect of this is the proper implementation of earthing and bonding systems. This article delves into the fundamental concepts and applications of... Read more

The post Handy earthing guidelines for true engineers appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

A black start refers to the ability of a power plant to restart itself using its own resources in the event of a complete shutdown and isolation from external power sources. Initiating a black start at an industrial plant might... Read more

The post Design engineering and the black start of a power plant appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to the standard operating procedures (SOPs) for the isolation, maintenance, and restoration of a 132kV GIS Transformer Bay and Line Bay. It will delve into detailed safety checks, specific steps to be... Read more

The post How to: Isolation, maintenance, and restoration of a 132kV GIS Transformer Bay and Line Bay appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This article aims to cover the activity of electrical commissioning. Such a task in its entirety would be immense. Commissioning can mean many things in different instances. This article aims to give a philosophical and high level conceptual overview of... Read more

The post The Challenging Job of an Electrical Commissioning Engineer (Activities and Real World Examples) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Substation earthing, or grounding, is essential for electrical safety and reliability in substations, which are critical nodes in the power distribution network. Proper earthing ensures safe dissipation of fault currents into the ground, preventing dangerous voltage build-ups that could cause... Read more

The post Mechanical Check, Visual Inspection and Electrical Test of the Substation Grounding System (1) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The objective of the site inspection and test plan for testing and commissioning is to establish a comprehensive framework for conducting site testing and commissioning activities. It’s as simple as that! The site testing and commissioning of a transmission or... Read more

The post Dos and don’ts in site testing and commissioning distribution and transmission plants appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This technical article will try to shed some light on the main and auxiliary circuit diagrams of switching three-phase motors via contactor and switching directly. We’ll cover some fundamental schematics with an old-school explanations and logics on how they work.... Read more

The post Main and auxiliary circuit diagrams of switching three-phase motors via contactor and directly appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This technical article is dedicated to the main and auxiliary circuit diagrams of switching three-phase motors. We’ll now discuss a little more complicated schematics than the previous article. We’ll cover seven schematics of switching pole-changing three-phase induction motors with one... Read more

The post Main and auxiliary circuit diagrams of switching pole-changing three-phase motors appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Around twenty five percent of the energy that is consumed by electric motors worldwide is accounted for by pumping systems, and certain industrial facilities use anywhere from twenty-five to fifty percent of the total electrical energy available. There are significant... Read more

The post The essentials of pumping, pump speed and flow rate control that engineers MUST know appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

To be honest, expertise in relay systems is fundamental for comprehension and creativity in circuits design. From bi-stable relays that maintain their states without continuous power to step relays facilitating incremental changes, and lockout relays guarding against unauthorized reenergization, each... Read more

The post The analysis of relay control systems: Electrical schematics with latch, step and lockout relays appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

At low voltage level, SCADA applications are usually used for process control and monitoring of equipment. Furthermore, incoming circuit breakers or switch disconnectors inside large LV switchboards may also be operated remotely, by the command given from the SCADA working... Read more

The post Field devices and signals used for LV SCADA operations appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

First, let’s remind ourselves of the basics in a few sentences. That is something you must know. A current transformer (CT) is designed to produce a secondary current which is accurately proportional to the primary current. It consists of a... Read more

The post IEC and NEMA/IEEE ratings of current transformers (CTs) in medium voltage applications appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Energy meters are one of the most important components for monitoring and data acquisition in a power system network with roles in every part of the power system network, from the generation to the commercialized end-users, through multiple transmission and... Read more

The post Energy metering in LV/MV substations and utilities: Dos and don’ts in installation and operation appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Voltage dips and transients are usually blamed on the supplier, but this is often unfair. There are many potential on-site causes; for example, starting of heavy loads may cause voltage dips and switching of inductive loads will generate transients. Let’s... Read more

The post Should We Blame Supplier For Voltage Dips and Transients? appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Let us remind ourselves of the basics of substation transformer parts, their operation principles, and do’s and don’ts for safety measures and precautions. For novice substation engineers it’s important to recognize every single detail of a transformer and later to... Read more

The post A quick reminder to substation transformer basics and safety precautions, dos and don’ts appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

As their name indicates, emergency operations are intended to eliminate, as quickly as possible, a danger that occurs unexpectedly. The emergency break is designed to cut off the electrical power, whereas the emergency stop takes account of the danger of... Read more

The post Emergency breaking, stop and isolation intended to eliminate danger as quickly as possible appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Prevention is better than cure, we all know this, and this is true not only for people, but also for the health of your electrical and electronic components and equipment. Smart and cost-effective strategies demand an investment in surge protection.... Read more

The post How to handle overvoltages before any damage is done? Surge protection in a nutshell. appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This technical article analyzes the safety requirements against indirect contact employed in particularly special medical locations (e.g., hospitals, medical, and dental practices, etc.), where environmental conditions may increase the risk of indirect contact and therefore the electroshock, precisely microshock. Generally... Read more

The post The ground is not just ground! At least not in hospitals, medical, and dental practices appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

There are at least two safety requirements that medium-voltage switchgear MUST fulfil: an interlocking system and an arc protection system. Yes, these two systems are crucial in terms of safety because they protect not only the operator and other substation... Read more

The post Switchgear interlocking system and arc protection that you MUST consider in the design appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

In order to create a consistent and technically correct single line or wiring diagram, more than basic knowledge about the engineering field in question is required. Besides electrical installation and equipment, the design engineers should be familiar with electrical symbols... Read more

The post Eight common mistakes in reading and creating single line and wiring diagrams appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Why reactive power and power factor correction are so important? Well, for experienced engineers, this is not the question but the fact. For young students who meet this matter and terms for the first time, it’s important to explain the... Read more

The post Reactive power and power factor correction essentials to ALWAYS keep on mind appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Learning and studying have never been easier than nowadays. Since we started the EEP Academy, there are thousands of electrical engineers, students, technicians, and many others who are literally hungry for knowledge and experience. This is where EEP’s contribution comes... Read more

The post Top ten courses on EEP Academy for electrical engineers, technicians and students appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

At the beginning of my career in 2005, I had the opportunity to work at a 500kV substation with the National Transmission and Dispatch Company in Pakistan. During this time, I was introduced to various tools and techniques that were... Read more

The post Mechanical Check, Visual Inspection and Electrical Test of the Substation Grounding System (2) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

In 2004, I embarked on an intensive nine-month training program in protection and instrumentation. This experience laid the foundation for my deep understanding of substation protection systems, combining both theoretical knowledge and practical application. The first protection scheme we delved... Read more

The post Mastering Distance Protection and Calculations Part 1: Advice and Serious Warnings appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The first part of this article series delved into the fundamentals of overcurrent protection, exploring the intricacies of relay coordination, the impact of source impedance, and the application of distance protection. These foundational concepts laid the groundwork for understanding how... Read more

The post Mastering Distance Protection and Calculations Part 2: Never Mess Up Protection Accuracy appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The protection and fault clearance requires great attention. In terms of fault clearance protection, we categorize the relays into main protection relays and backup protection relays. The main protection relay is installed at all primary equipment, and it is essential... Read more

The post The art of fault clearance in transmission systems: The logic of main and backup relays appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.