I have been studying Lao for the last few months. As I leave the school and go home to work on the internet, I don't practise that much. But I have been learning how to read and write in Lao. 

In modern electrical power systems, ensuring a reliable and continuous supply of electricity is critical, particularly in facilities where downtime can result in significant operational disruptions and financial losses. Low voltage automatic transfer schemes at substations play a vital role... Read more

The post ATS Schematics and Logic Analysis for a Substation 415V AC Auxiliary Supply Panel appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Like it or not, hard times are in front of us, by all means. I won’t deal the hard times now, but instead, I’ll shortly say that it’s all about the energy resources and who owns them. It’s also not... Read more

The post Best practice in hard times: How to safeguard the hundreds and thousands of substations appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Every nation has numerous vital facilities that are largely dependent on electricity to function. Infrastructures that are critical to a quick response to outages include the public health system, the communications sector, and government services like emergency first responders. Nonetheless,... Read more

The post How (should) power utilities handle grid failures by utilizing mobile substations appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

In the world of electrical engineering, ensuring the safety and reliability of power systems is paramount. A critical aspect of this is the proper implementation of earthing and bonding systems. This article delves into the fundamental concepts and applications of... Read more

The post Handy earthing guidelines for true engineers appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

A black start refers to the ability of a power plant to restart itself using its own resources in the event of a complete shutdown and isolation from external power sources. Initiating a black start at an industrial plant might... Read more

The post Design engineering and the black start of a power plant appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

January 12
Three Branches, One Government
Review the functions of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government, as well as how the three branches relate to each other.

January 12
Declaration of Independence
The text of the Declaration of Independence, including a brief description of the document and a list of the signatories.

This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to the standard operating procedures (SOPs) for the isolation, maintenance, and restoration of a 132kV GIS Transformer Bay and Line Bay. It will delve into detailed safety checks, specific steps to be... Read more

The post How to: Isolation, maintenance, and restoration of a 132kV GIS Transformer Bay and Line Bay appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This article aims to cover the activity of electrical commissioning. Such a task in its entirety would be immense. Commissioning can mean many things in different instances. This article aims to give a philosophical and high level conceptual overview of... Read more

The post The Challenging Job of an Electrical Commissioning Engineer (Activities and Real World Examples) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Substation earthing, or grounding, is essential for electrical safety and reliability in substations, which are critical nodes in the power distribution network. Proper earthing ensures safe dissipation of fault currents into the ground, preventing dangerous voltage build-ups that could cause... Read more

The post Mechanical Check, Visual Inspection and Electrical Test of the Substation Grounding System (1) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The objective of the site inspection and test plan for testing and commissioning is to establish a comprehensive framework for conducting site testing and commissioning activities. It’s as simple as that! The site testing and commissioning of a transmission or... Read more

The post Dos and don’ts in site testing and commissioning distribution and transmission plants appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This technical article will try to shed some light on the main and auxiliary circuit diagrams of switching three-phase motors via contactor and switching directly. We’ll cover some fundamental schematics with an old-school explanations and logics on how they work.... Read more

The post Main and auxiliary circuit diagrams of switching three-phase motors via contactor and directly appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This technical article is dedicated to the main and auxiliary circuit diagrams of switching three-phase motors. We’ll now discuss a little more complicated schematics than the previous article. We’ll cover seven schematics of switching pole-changing three-phase induction motors with one... Read more

The post Main and auxiliary circuit diagrams of switching pole-changing three-phase motors appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

When reactive power devices, whether capacitive or inductive, are purposefully added to a power network in order to produce a specific outcome, this is referred to as compensation. It’s as simple as that. This could involve greater transmission capacity, enhanced... Read more

The post Do you know what reactive power compensation is? If not, keep reading, it’s important. appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Since the subject of this article is somewhat not-that-easy to understand, I suggest starting with the basics of the synchronous motor. In the synchronous motor, the basic magnetic field is obtained by direct current excitation rather than through the air... Read more

The post The art of achieving synchronous motor transient stability (especially in weak grids) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Around twenty five percent of the energy that is consumed by electric motors worldwide is accounted for by pumping systems, and certain industrial facilities use anywhere from twenty-five to fifty percent of the total electrical energy available. There are significant... Read more

The post The essentials of pumping, pump speed and flow rate control that engineers MUST know appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

In the domain of electrical engineering, seal-in contacts stand as pivotal components in control circuits, ensuring the sustained operation of electrical devices beyond the initial activation. These mechanisms play a critical role in maintaining the energized state of circuit elements,... Read more

The post Mastering schematic drawings: Analyzing seal-in contacts in motor control circuits appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

To be honest, expertise in relay systems is fundamental for comprehension and creativity in circuits design. From bi-stable relays that maintain their states without continuous power to step relays facilitating incremental changes, and lockout relays guarding against unauthorized reenergization, each... Read more

The post The analysis of relay control systems: Electrical schematics with latch, step and lockout relays appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

At low voltage level, SCADA applications are usually used for process control and monitoring of equipment. Furthermore, incoming circuit breakers or switch disconnectors inside large LV switchboards may also be operated remotely, by the command given from the SCADA working... Read more

The post Field devices and signals used for LV SCADA operations appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

As you should already know, current transformers are used for metering and relay protection purposes. When we are talking about current transformers used for metering, their performance is of interest during normal loading conditions. Metering transformers may have very significant... Read more

The post Four special connections of current transformers in relay protection applications appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

First, let’s remind ourselves of the basics in a few sentences. That is something you must know. A current transformer (CT) is designed to produce a secondary current which is accurately proportional to the primary current. It consists of a... Read more

The post IEC and NEMA/IEEE ratings of current transformers (CTs) in medium voltage applications appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The accurate measurement of the voltage, current or other parameter of a power system is a prerequisite to any form of control, ranging from automatic closed-loop control to the recording of data for statistical purposes. Measurement of these parameters can... Read more

The post How to make the right selection of a digital transducer for power system measurements appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Energy meters are one of the most important components for monitoring and data acquisition in a power system network with roles in every part of the power system network, from the generation to the commercialized end-users, through multiple transmission and... Read more

The post Energy metering in LV/MV substations and utilities: Dos and don’ts in installation and operation appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Capacitors store electric charge. Because the charge is stored physically, with no chemical or phase changes taking place, the process is highly reversible and the discharge-charge cycle can be repeated over and over again, virtually without limit. Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) variously... Read more

The post Super Capacitors – Different Than Others (part 1) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Continued from first part: Super Capacitors – Different Then Others (part 1) Equivalent circuit How to measure the capacitance? Charge Method Discharge Method Measure Capacitance Capacitor types Advantages of the supercapacitors Super capacitors can be illustrated similarly to conventional film,... Read more

The post Super Capacitors – Different Than Others (part 2) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Voltage dips and transients are usually blamed on the supplier, but this is often unfair. There are many potential on-site causes; for example, starting of heavy loads may cause voltage dips and switching of inductive loads will generate transients. Let’s... Read more

The post Should We Blame Supplier For Voltage Dips and Transients? appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Let us remind ourselves of the basics of substation transformer parts, their operation principles, and do’s and don’ts for safety measures and precautions. For novice substation engineers it’s important to recognize every single detail of a transformer and later to... Read more

The post A quick reminder to substation transformer basics and safety precautions, dos and don’ts appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

As their name indicates, emergency operations are intended to eliminate, as quickly as possible, a danger that occurs unexpectedly. The emergency break is designed to cut off the electrical power, whereas the emergency stop takes account of the danger of... Read more

The post Emergency breaking, stop and isolation intended to eliminate danger as quickly as possible appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Prevention is better than cure, we all know this, and this is true not only for people, but also for the health of your electrical and electronic components and equipment. Smart and cost-effective strategies demand an investment in surge protection.... Read more

The post How to handle overvoltages before any damage is done? Surge protection in a nutshell. appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

This technical article analyzes the safety requirements against indirect contact employed in particularly special medical locations (e.g., hospitals, medical, and dental practices, etc.), where environmental conditions may increase the risk of indirect contact and therefore the electroshock, precisely microshock. Generally... Read more

The post The ground is not just ground! At least not in hospitals, medical, and dental practices appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

There are at least two safety requirements that medium-voltage switchgear MUST fulfil: an interlocking system and an arc protection system. Yes, these two systems are crucial in terms of safety because they protect not only the operator and other substation... Read more

The post Switchgear interlocking system and arc protection that you MUST consider in the design appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

In order to create a consistent and technically correct single line or wiring diagram, more than basic knowledge about the engineering field in question is required. Besides electrical installation and equipment, the design engineers should be familiar with electrical symbols... Read more

The post Eight common mistakes in reading and creating single line and wiring diagrams appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Why reactive power and power factor correction are so important? Well, for experienced engineers, this is not the question but the fact. For young students who meet this matter and terms for the first time, it’s important to explain the... Read more

The post Reactive power and power factor correction essentials to ALWAYS keep on mind appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Why are power engineers interested in plant power factor, what causes low power factor, and how can it be improved? The objectives of this article are to answer these questions briefly and to include handy application information for power-factor problems.... Read more

The post Why should plant engineers be worried about the power factor? What’s the catch? appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Transformers used in power substations or a power system could be a bank of three single-phase transformers connected in either star/delta or star/star etc., or could be a single three-phase transformer with a single core. Normally for large capacity transformers,... Read more

The post Transformer connections you are not allowed to forget appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Learning and studying have never been easier than nowadays. Since we started the EEP Academy, there are thousands of electrical engineers, students, technicians, and many others who are literally hungry for knowledge and experience. This is where EEP’s contribution comes... Read more

The post Top ten courses on EEP Academy for electrical engineers, technicians and students appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

As we all know, all substation equipment (should) have a metal plate with its “name” on it. Here we’ll discuss power and distribution transformers and information that their nameplates carry. It’s usually attached to the tank in a visible place... Read more

The post Learn how to interpret transformer nameplate information appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

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At the beginning of my career in 2005, I had the opportunity to work at a 500kV substation with the National Transmission and Dispatch Company in Pakistan. During this time, I was introduced to various tools and techniques that were... Read more

The post Mechanical Check, Visual Inspection and Electrical Test of the Substation Grounding System (2) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

In 2004, I embarked on an intensive nine-month training program in protection and instrumentation. This experience laid the foundation for my deep understanding of substation protection systems, combining both theoretical knowledge and practical application. The first protection scheme we delved... Read more

The post Mastering Distance Protection and Calculations Part 1: Advice and Serious Warnings appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The first part of this article series delved into the fundamentals of overcurrent protection, exploring the intricacies of relay coordination, the impact of source impedance, and the application of distance protection. These foundational concepts laid the groundwork for understanding how... Read more

The post Mastering Distance Protection and Calculations Part 2: Never Mess Up Protection Accuracy appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

The protection and fault clearance requires great attention. In terms of fault clearance protection, we categorize the relays into main protection relays and backup protection relays. The main protection relay is installed at all primary equipment, and it is essential... Read more

The post The art of fault clearance in transmission systems: The logic of main and backup relays appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

It is essential that the electrical engineers, or operators who will be in charge of switching, isolating, and earthing operations of the switchgear have a good understanding of the rules that must be followed. In addition, it is of the... Read more

The post Electrical thumb rules for switching, isolating and earthing appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

Generator field winding is an integral part of the generator set which is responsible for generating the magnetic field that induces the stator emf when the rotor rotates. Regulation of current in this winding with the help of an AVR... Read more

The post Failures, Testing and Protections Associated with Field Winding of a Generator appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

We all experienced the ocasional flickering of the house lights during evenings. This usually indicates a load tap changer (LTC) adjustment, or a sign that the bulb is about to drop dead, but that’s not the subject of this article... Read more

The post What is a Load Tap Changer (LTC)? appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

In the world of power systems, synchronization and reactive power control are crucial to maintaining stability, efficiency, and reliability. Synchronizing various power sources, such as generators and grids, ensures they operate in harmony to meet the demand and support the... Read more

The post Synchronization and Reactive Power Control in Power System appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.

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Online resource suitable for English, Media and PSHEE at KS3 and KS4 encouraging personal and critical reflection on characters, relationships and ideas.

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